54 research outputs found
Bolborhinum shajovskoyi Martinez 1952
No full textBolborhinum shajovskoyi (Martínez, 1952) (Figs. 7, 8, 26–29) Original combination: Bolboceras shajovskoyi Martínez, 1952: 318. Type locality: “ Argentina, territorio nacional de Neuquén, San Martín de los Andes.” Type series: holotype male at MACN labeled a) S.M.Andes / P. Nac. Lanín / L. Swaryczewski (typeset), b) “ HOLOTYPUS ” (typeset, faded red label), c) “ Bolboceras / shajovskoyi sp. n. ɗ” (handwritten by Martínez, red label), d) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs / database # JM 2000595 / Bolborhinum shajovskoyi / (Martínez, 1951) ɗ / DET: J. MONDACA E. 2007 ” (typeset). One female allotype at MACN labeled a) “ Enero 1950 / S.M. Andes / I.Schajovskoi” (typeset), b) “ALLOTYPUS” (typeset, faded red label), c) “ Bolboceras / shajovskoyi sp. n. Ψ” (handwritten by Martínez, red label), d) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs / database # JM 2000596 / Bolborhinum shajovskoyi / (Martínez, 1951) / DET: J. MONDACA E. 2007 ” (typeset). One male paratype at HAHC labeled a) “ II- 1951 / S.M.Andes / P.Nac.Lanín / I.Schajovskoi” (typeset), b) “PARATIPO” (typeset), c) “ Bolboceras (Bolborh.) / shajovskoyi / sp. n. ɗ / A. MARTINEZ-DET. 1952 ” (handwritten and typeset), d) “H. & A. HOWDEN / COLLECTION / ex. A. Martínez coll.” (typeset), e) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs / database # AS 2607380 / Bolborhinum shajovskoyi / (Martínez, 1952) ɗ / DET: A.B.T. SMITH 2006 ” (typeset). One male paratype at HAHC labeled a) “ I- 1952 / S.M.Andes / P.Nac.Lanín / I.Schajovskoi” (typeset), b) “PARATIPO” (typeset), c) “ Bolboceras (Bolborh.) / shajovskoyi / sp. n. Ψ / A. MARTINEZ-DET. 1952 ” (handwritten and typeset), d) “H. & A. HOWDEN / COLLECTION / ex. A. Martínez coll.” (typeset), e) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs / database # AS 2607381 / Bolborhinum shajovskoyi / (Martínez, 1952) ɗ / DET: A.B.T. SMITH 2006 ” (typeset). One male paratype at HAHC labeled a) “S.M.Andes / P.Nac.Lanín / I.Schajovskoi” (typeset), b) “PARATIPO” (typeset), c) “ Bolboceras (Bolborh.) / shajovskoyi ɗ / sp. n. / A. MARTINEZ-DET. 1952 ” (handwritten and typeset), d) “H. & A. HOWDEN / COLLECTION / ex. A. Martínez coll.” (typeset), e) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs / database # AS 2607382 / Bolborhinum shajovskoyi / (Martínez, 1952) ɗ / DET: A.B.T. SMITH 2006 ” (typeset). One male paratype at HAHC labeled a) “ Enero 1950 / S.M. Andes / I.Schajovskoi” (typeset), b) “H. & A. Howden / Collection” (typeset), c) “PARATIPO” (typeset), d) “ Bolboceras (Bolborh.) / shajovskoyi ɗ / sp. n. / A. MARTINEZ-DET. 19 ” (handwritten and typeset), d) “H. & A. HOWDEN / COLLECTION / ex. A. Martínez coll.” (typeset), e) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs / database # AS 2607383 / Bolborhinum shajovskoyi / (Martínez, 1952) ɗ / DET: A.B.T. SMITH 2006 ” (typeset). One female paratype at HAHC labeled a) “ I- 1951 / S.M.Andes / P.Nac.Lanín / I.Schajovskoi” (typeset), b) “PARATIPO” (typeset), c) “ Bolboceras (Bolborh.) / shajovskoyi Ψ / sp. n. / A. MARTINEZ-DET. 1952 ” (handwritten and typeset), d) “H. & A. HOWDEN / COL- LECTION / ex. A. Martínez coll.” (typeset), e) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs / database # AS 2607390 / Bolborhinum shajovskoyi / (Martínez, 1952) Ψ / DET: A.B.T. SMITH 2006 ” (typeset). One female paratype at HAHC labeled a) “ I- 1951 / S.M.Andes / P.Nac.Lanín / I.Schajovskoi” (typeset), b) “PARATIPO” (typeset), c) “ Bolboceras (Bolborh.) / shajovskoyi Ψ / sp. n. / A. MARTINEZ-DET. 1952 ” (handwritten and typeset), d) “H. & A. HOWDEN / COLLECTION / ex. A. Martínez coll.” (typeset), e) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs / database # AS 2607391 / Bolborhinum shajovskoyi / (Martínez, 1952) Ψ / DET: A.B.T. SMITH 2006 ” (typeset). Specimens examined: 25 specimens were examined from FMNH, HAHC, IADIZA, JEBC, JMEC, LACM, MACN. Diagnosis. Length 17.0–19.0 mm. Color dark brown in males and reddish-brown in females. This species is distinguished from other Bolborhinum by the shape and placement of the male cephalic horns. Head dorsally rugulose, with two clypeal horns and two lateral, triangular processes; first clypeal horn directed anteriorly, slightly curved, situated at midline of clypeal apex, less developed than the second; second horn located immediately behind the first, robust, slightly declivous anteriorly, with apex obtuse, widened distally. Frontoclypeal surface laterally with two strongly elevated cariniform processes that converge distally; vertex depressed, impunctate (Figs. 26, 28). Pronotum with deep, wide anterior excavation; pronotal declivity straight, perfectly parallel at posterolateral margin of the pronotum (lateral view); posterosuperior ridge transverse, subrectum, slightly sinuate medially. Females similar to males, except in the trapezoidal shape of the head and total absence of horns; dorsal surface with an elevated tubercle and two lateral processes on the frontoclypeus. Pronotum with weak depression located immediately behind of the anterior margin; dorsal surface densely covered with small punctures, laterally densely rugopunctate. Distribution (Fig. 60): ARGENTINA (23). Mendoza (1): Laguna Diamantes (1). Neuquén (20): Auca Pan (2), Collón Curá (1), Junín de los Andes (1), Las Taguas (2), Parque Nacional Lanín; San Martín de los Andes (7), Tipilinka (1), Río Alumine (1), San Martín de Los Andes (5). Río Negro (2): Bariloche (1), El Bolsón (1). CHILE (2). IX Región de La Araucanía (2): Liucura, Pino Hachado (2). Temporal data. January (10), February (1), November (7), December (5). Remarks: The specimen of this species collected in Mendoza represents a northern range extension of approximately 400 km. More collecting is obviously needed in the montane regions of Mendoza and Neuquén to fill in the gaps and get a complete picture of the distribution of this species.Published as part of Mondaca, José & Smith, Andrew B. T., 2008, A revision of the southern South American genus Bolborhinum Boucomont (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 1794 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18260
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Genomic and genetic analyses of diversity and plant interactions of Pseudomonas fluorescens
No full textBackground: Pseudomonas fluorescens are common soil bacteria that can improve plant health through nutrient cycling, pathogen antagonism and induction of plant defenses. The genome sequences of strains SBW25 and Pf0-1 were determined and compared to each other and with P. fluorescens Pf-5. A functional genomic in vivo expression technology (IVET) screen provided insight into genes used by P. fluorescens in its natural environment and an improved understanding of the ecological significance of diversity within this species.
Results: Comparisons of three P. fluorescens genomes (SBW25, Pf0-1, Pf-5) revealed considerable divergence: 61% of genes are shared, the majority located near the replication origin. Phylogenetic and average amino acid identity analyses showed a low overall relationship. A functional screen of SBW25 defined 125 plant-induced genes including a range of functions specific to the plant environment. Orthologues of 83 of these exist in Pf0-1 and Pf-5, with 73 shared by both strains. The P. fluorescens genomes carry numerous complex repetitive DNA sequences, some resembling Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs). In SBW25, repeat density and distribution revealed 'repeat deserts' lacking repeats, covering approximately 40% of the genome.
Conclusions: P. fluorescens genomes are highly diverse. Strain-specific regions around the replication terminus suggest genome compartmentalization. The genomic heterogeneity among the three strains is reminiscent of a species complex rather than a single species. That 42% of plant-inducible genes were not shared by all strains reinforces this conclusion and shows that ecological success requires specialized and core functions. The diversity also indicates the significant size of genetic information within the Pseudomonas pan genome
Quantitative analysis of how Myc controls T cell proteomes and metabolic pathways during T cell activation
No full textT cell expansion and differentiation are critically dependent on the transcription factor c-Myc (Myc). Herein we use quantitative mass-spectrometry to reveal how Myc controls antigen receptor driven cell growth and proteome restructuring in murine T cells. Analysis of copy numbers per cell of >7000 proteins provides new understanding of the selective role of Myc in controlling the protein machinery that govern T cell fate. The data identify both Myc dependent and independent metabolic processes in immune activated T cells. We uncover that a primary function of Myc is to control expression of multiple amino acid transporters and that loss of a single Myc-controlled amino acid transporter effectively phenocopies the impact of Myc deletion. This study provides a comprehensive map of how Myc selectively shapes T cell phenotypes, revealing that Myc induction of amino acid transport is pivotal for subsequent bioenergetic and biosynthetic programs and licences T cell receptor driven proteome reprogramming
Review Article: Individualised Management of Reflux-Like Symptoms—Strategies Beyond Acid Suppression
No full text\ua9 2025 The Author(s). Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Background: Reflux-like symptoms and reflux oesophagitis are often perceived as having the same acid-related aetiology and responsiveness to antisecretory therapy. However, the frequency of residual symptom reporting on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy suggests the two entities have some differential pathophysiological determinants requiring distinct management approaches. Aims: To examine the complexities of reflux-like symptom pathophysiology and strategies that may be used to target contributing factors beyond acid reflux. Methods: A panel of ten expert clinicians (primary care, gastroenterology and psychology) held a series of online meetings to share perspectives on the underlying contributors to, and management of, reflux-like symptoms when PPIs are ineffective or provide partial relief. This review summarises the agreed key themes that emerged from the expert discussions. Results: While degradation of the anti-reflux barrier dominates in reflux oesophagitis, cognitive-affective, behavioural, and other psychosocial factors can play a major role in symptom persistence. These require individualised management strategies, beginning with education on the gut-brain connection and expectation setting with regard to PPI therapy. A detailed clinical history and patient-reported outcome tools that measure symptom burden and associated anxiety/hypervigilance can help guide management using brain-gut behavioural therapies, supported diet/lifestyle modification, diaphragmatic breathing, weight loss, and/or on-demand symptom control measures according to a patient\u27s specific needs. Conclusions: A paradigm shift in reflux-like symptom management is required such that acid suppression is viewed as one of several interventions that can be utilised as part of a phenotype-driven, individualised approach to care that acknowledges the multiple contributors to symptom burden
<em>Phytophthora capsici</em>-tomato interaction features dramatic shifts in gene expression associated with a hemi-biotrophic lifestyle
No full textBackgroundPlant-microbe interactions feature complex signal interplay between pathogens and their hosts. Phytophthora species comprise a destructive group of fungus-like plant pathogens, collectively affecting a wide range of plants important to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Despite the availability of genome sequences of both hosts and microbes, little is known about the signal interplay between them during infection. In particular, accurate descriptions of coordinate relationships between host and microbe transcriptional programs are lacking.ResultsHere, we explore the molecular interaction between the hemi-biotrophic broad host range pathogen Phytophthora capsici and tomato. Infection assays and use of a composite microarray allowed us to unveil distinct changes in both P. capsici and tomato transcriptomes, associated with biotrophy and the subsequent switch to necrotrophy. These included two distinct transcriptional changes associated with early infection and the biotrophy to necrotrophy transition that may contribute to infection and completion of the P. capsici lifecycle.?ConclusionsOur results suggest dynamic but highly regulated transcriptional programming in both host and pathogen that underpin P. capsici disease and hemi-biotrophy. Dynamic expression changes of both effector-coding genes and host factors involved in immunity, suggests modulation of host immune signaling by both host and pathogen. With new unprecedented detail on transcriptional reprogramming, we can now explore the coordinate relationships that drive host-microbe interactions and the basic processes that underpin pathogen lifestyles. Deliberate alteration of lifestyle-associated transcriptional changes may allow prevention or perhaps disruption of hemi-biotrophic disease cycles and limit damage caused by epidemics.<br/
The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of topotecan for small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation
No full textObjectives: To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of topotecan as second-line treatment for small cell lung cancer (SCLC).Data sources: Bibliographic databases were searched from 1990 to February 2009, including the Cochrane library, MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), PREMEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations. Bibliographies of related papers were assessed and experts were contacted to identify additional references and the manufacturer’s submission to NICE was also searched.Review methods: Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were applied to the full text of retrieved papers using a standard form. For the clinical effectiveness review, the studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), which included adult participants with relapsed SCLC who responded to first-line treatment and for whom re-treatment with first-line therapy was inappropriate. The treatment was topotecan (oral or intravenous, i.v.) compared with one another, best supportive care (BSC) or other chemotherapy regimens. Outcomes included measures of response or disease progression and measures of survival. For the cost-effectiveness review studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported cost-effectiveness, cost–utility, cost–benefit or cost–consequence analyses. Data extraction and quality assessment of included studies was undertaken by one reviewer and checked by a second. Studies were synthesised through a narrative review with full tabulation of results. An independent economic model estimated the cost-effectiveness of topotecan (oral or i.v.) compared with BSC. The model used survival analysis methods to derive estimates of mean survival for patients treated with topotecan or receiving BSC alone. These were combined with quality of life (QoL) weights to derive estimates of mean quality-adjusted life expectancy for patients receiving BSC alone or topotecan plus BSC. Categories of costs included in the model included drug use, chemotherapy administration and on-treatment monitoring, management of adverse events, monitoring for disease progression and palliative care.Results: A total of 434 references were identified of which five were included in the clinical effectiveness review. In these trials topotecan was compared with BSC, CAV [cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and vincristine] or amrubicin, or oral topotecan was compared with i.v. topotecan. No economic evaluations were identified. There were no statistically significant differences between groups when i.v. topotecan was compared with either CAV or oral topotecan for overall response rate (ORR). Response rate was significantly better in participants receiving i.v. amrubicin than in those receiving a low dose of i.v. topotecan (38% versus 13%, respectively, p = 0.039). There was a statistically significant benefit in favour of oral topotecan compared with BSC (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.87, p = 0.01). Drug acquisition costs for four cycles of treatment were estimated at £2550 for oral topotecan and £5979 for i.v. topotecan. Non-drug treatment costs accounted for an additional £1097 for oral topotecan and £4289 for i.v. topotecan. Total costs for the modelled time horizon of 5 years were £4854 for BSC, £11,048 for oral topotecan and between £16,914 and £17,369 for i.v. topotecan (depending on assumptions regarding time progression). Life expectancy was 0.4735, 0.7984 and 0.7784 years for BSC, oral topotecan and i.v. topotecan respectively. Total quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were 0.2247 and 0.4077, for BSC and oral topotecan respectively, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £33,851 per QALY gained. Total QALYs for i.v. topotecan were between 0.3875 and 0.4157 (depending on assumptions regarding time progression) resulting in an ICER between £74,074 and £65,507 per QALY gained.Conclusions: Topotecan appeared to be better than BSC alone in terms of improved survival, and was as effective as CAV and less favourable than i.v. amrubicin in terms of response. Oral topotecan and i.v. topotecan were similar in efficacy. Topotecan offers additional benefit over BSC, but at increased cost. ICERs for i.v. topotecan, compared with BSC, were high and suggest that it is unlikely to be a cost-effective option. The ICER for oral topotecan is at the upper extreme of the range conventionally regarded as cost-effective from an NHS decision-making perspective. Further research into the QoL of patients with relapsed SCLC could identify the impacts of disease progression and treatment response.<br/
Addition of the microchromosome GGA25 to the chicken genome sequence assembly through radiation hybrid and genetic mapping
No full textBACKGROUND:
The publication of the first draft chicken sequence assembly became available in 2004 and was updated in 2006. However, this does not constitute a definitive and complete sequence of the chicken genome, since the microchromosomes are notably under-represented. In an effort to develop maps for the microchromosomes absent from the chicken genome assembly, we developed radiation hybrid (RH) and genetic maps with markers isolated from sequence currently assigned to "chromosome Unknown" (chrUn). The chrUn is composed of sequence contigs not assigned to named chromosomes. To identify and map sequence belonging to the microchromosomes we used a comparative mapping strategy, and we focused on the small linkage group E26C13.
RESULTS:
In total, 139 markers were analysed with the chickRH6 panel, of which 120 were effectively assigned to the E26C13 linkage group, the remainder mapping elsewhere in the genome. The final RH map is composed of 22 framework markers extending over a 245.6 cR distance. A corresponding genetic map was developed, whose length is 103 cM in the East Lansing reference population. The E26C13 group was assigned to GGA25 (Gallus gallus chromosome 25) by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridisation) mapping.
CONCLUSION:
The high-resolution RH framework map obtained here covers the entire chicken chromosome 25 and reveals the existence of a high number of intrachromosomal rearrangements when compared to the human genome. The strategy used here for the characterization of GGA25 could be used to improve knowledge on the other uncharacterized small, yet gene-rich microchromosomes
AMPK integrates metabolite and kinase-based immunometabolic control in macrophages
No full textObjective: Previous mechanistic studies on immunometabolism have focused on metabolite-based paradigms of regulation, such as itaconate. Here, we, demonstrate integration of metabolite and kinase-based immunometabolic control by AMP kinase.Methods: We combined whole cell quantitative proteomics with gene knockout of AMPKα1.Results: Comparing macrophages with AMPKα1 catalytic subunit deletion with wild-type, inflammatory markers are largely unchanged in unstimulated cells, but with an LPS stimulus, AMPKα1 knockout leads to a striking M1 hyperpolarisation. Deletion of AMPKα1 also resulted in increased expression of rate-limiting enzymes involved in itaconate synthesis, metabolism of glucose, arginine, prostaglandins and cholesterol. Consistent with this, we observed functional changes in prostaglandin synthesis and arginine metabolism. Selective AMPKα1 activation also unlocks additional regulation of IL-6 and IL-12 in M1 macrophages.Conclusions: Together, our results validate AMPK as a pivotal immunometabolic regulator in macrophages.</p
Healthy, wealthy and wise? A review of the wider benefits of education
No full textThis paper reviews evidence that a greater education causes better outcomes in life, over and above the effects of having a higher-paying job. Comparatively little has been written which draws together evidence on the wider (that is, wider than just earnings-related) benefits of education, although studies which ignore these benefits might considerably underestimate the total return from a additional year of education or an additional qualification. Research suggests that increased education, as measured by the time people spend in formal education or the qualifications they attain, may cause a reduction in cigarette smoking, anxiety disorders, anti-social disorders, suicide, crime, teenage pregnancies, unemployment and reliance on welfare benefits, at least when these outcomes are measured in young adulthood. Education may also have an effect on people’s health. The wider benefits of education are difficult to quantify, however, and the degree of uncertainty around them is considerable. Policy-makers would be unwise to rely too heavily on the existence of wider benefits when making decisions about public investment in education.education; returns to education; returns to schooling; wider benefits; social benefits; socio-economic determinants
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