1,005 research outputs found
Understanding Deviance from Standards
No full textIn this chapter, Andrea Fried discusses the implications of a better understanding of deviance from standards for corporate responsibility in terms of both compliance-related duties for companies and their criminal liability. Five questions related to this are answered in this summarizing chapter: Is voluntary self-regulation of companies a way of ensuring corporate responsibility? What contributes to a manipulation of standards even if a strong external control and sanctioning system is in place? Should legislative authorities only sanction actual knowledge of and engagement in wrongful acts of standard deviation? Should legislation stipulate a criminal liability also for companies? Why should companies allow organizational members to deviate from standards? Answers to these questions relate to the empirical investigations presented in previous chapters of the book and show strong support for a corporate criminal law that should apply when standard deviations lead to health, environmental, or safety risks.</p
A Second-Order Observation of Organizational Deviance
No full textIn this chapter, Andrea Fried and Arvind Singhal highlight which novel research questions break ground when taking a second-order perspective on organizational deviance. The concept of the ‘second-order observer’ for researchers leaves the assessment of organizational deviance explicitly to the empirical field, and brings organizations and their members as describers, as assessors, and as sanctioners of organizational deviance into the discussion. The chapter strengthens social agency in deviations from standards to counteract the view that deviants are a ‘passive non-entity’. Fried and Singhal describe how organizational deviance has three dimensions and can analytically be distinguished as a descriptive, a normative, and a sanctioning aspect. The chapter concludes with six assignments for developing a concept of organizational deviance.</p
Internal Constraints and Gauge Relations in the Theory of Uniaxial Nematic Elastomers
No full textWe apply the formalism of analytical mechanics for constrained systems to reformulate the equilibrium theory of uniaxial nematic elastomers, allowing for constitutive dependence on the gradient
of the director
. In this setting, inextensibility is enforced by requiring that
and that
. Starting from these constraints, and using the principle of virtual work within a thermomechanically consistent framework, we derive boundary-value problems for determining equilibrium configurations. We show that the original formulation yields an underdetermined system for the Lagrange multiplier fields unless ancillary gauge conditions are imposed. To resolve this indeterminacy, we introduce two effective Lagrange multiplier fields: one defined in the interior of the referential region and the other on that portion of the boundary where the director traction is prescribed
Typology of Organizational Deviance from Standards
No full textIn this chapter, Andrea Fried and Sarah Langer present a novel typology to systematize the variety of and reasons for organizational deviance from standards. The typology explains why organizations deviate from standards. It identifies four types of organizational deviance: two types of commitment-oriented deviance (attentive deviance from standards and over-conformity with standards) and two types of manipulation-oriented deviance (non-regulated deviance from standards and illegitimate deviance from standards). The basis of the typology is a cross-case comparison of CraneSolutions, MedTech, and MetroEngineers, as presented in part II of the book. In this comparison the authors explain which organizational conditions and contradictions in standard enactment make a certain type of organizational deviance likely.</p
Monitoring of Standard Enactment for Exploration and Exploitation
No full textIn this chapter, Sarah Langer and Andrea Fried reflect on the relationship between standards and innovation. They observe how studies of the relationship between standards and innovation show contradictory results; standards can both enable and constrain innovation. There are several reviews that deal with the question of the standard–innovation nexus and come to the same conclusion that the results are not satisfactory thus far. By identifying reflexive, diagnostic, self-monitoring, and inadequate ways of monitoring standard enactment, the standard–innovation nexus can be explained in a novel way. The authors suggest that the way in which organizations monitor deviations from standards influences whether their organizational processes are explorative or exploitative in nature. The chapter concludes with propositions for further research.</p
Over-Conformity with Standards at MedTech
No full textThis chapter presents a case of a medical technology company where standards have already shaped software development processes for a long time. Ronny Gey, Sarah Langer, and Andrea Fried reflect here on how MedTech’s organizational members over-conform with standards. In contrast to CraneSolutions in the previous chapter, productive asymmetries and even contradictions were hardly found in standard enactment at MedTech. MedTech provides adequate allocative and authoritative resources for standardization, refers to strong internal and external sanctioning systems for standard deviations, but hardly reflects on the internal effects of standards on software development. The case described in this chapter delivers an explanation why over-commitment of organizational members to standards tends to reinforce organizational inertia and shows the importance of reflexive handling of standard-induced requirements within the organization. This chapter represents one of the two commitment-oriented types of organizational deviance introduced in the book.</p
Attentive Deviance from Standards at CraneSolutions
No full textIn this chapter, Ronny Gey, Sarah Langer, and Andrea Fried draw attention to the actual enactment of standards in organizations. They describe a software developing project of the crane manufacturer CraneSolutions which is confronted with a situation where no standards are directly suitable for its niche products. The case of CraneSolutions is a striking example of mainly attentive deviance from standards. The chapter analyses how the organization succeeds in committing to standards while deviating from them attentively. Based on a structurationist framework, the analysis of CraneSolutions enables understanding of the enactment of standards as represented in the interpretative schemes, the facilities, and the social norms of the organization. Moreover, the authors explain organizational deviance from standards as a way of how organizations deal effectively with emerging asymmetries and contradictions during the enactment of standards. This chapter represents one of the two commitment-oriented types of organizational deviance introduced in the book.</p
Book Review: The Middle Ages : [Rezension zu:] The Middle Ages. Johannes Fried. Harvard University Press. 2015
No full textIn Johannes Fried’s The Middle Ages, the author makes his case for an alternative interpretation of the medieval period as much more sophisticated than commonly thought, writes Ignas Kalpokas. The book intricately traces how ideas and systems of thought that we now consider quintessentially modern European ways of life, thinking and culture stemmed from this time period
Modifying the rat grimace scale for the sub-second assessment of acute pain
No full textThe goal of this study is to improve the way pain is measured in rodents. A previous 2019 publication by Dr. Nathan T. Fried utilized slow-motion videography and statistical modeling to analyze hind paw withdrawal caused by painful stimuli. Upon reanalyzing the one-second slow-motion videos from his study, there was more data in the facial features of the rat, which was not characterized in his work. A 2011 study performed in Dr. Jeffrey Mogil’s lab led to the development of the Rat and Mouse Grimace Scales (RGS, MGS), which measure facial features of pain in these rodents. However, their measurement using the Grimace Scale relied on 30 minutes of video analysis. This project further applies the RGS to the one-second slow-motion videos to assess facial rat grimace in response to different painful stimuli.Winner: Second Place, 2022 Paul Robeson Library Undergraduate Research Award
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