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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
School Prayer: Will it ever be legally instituted
No full textSchool prayer has been a controversial topic in American politics and society for many years. Some think that religion in school will provide some moral basis for the education that children are receiving while others think that religion is something that does not nor should not be combined with the public institution of education. It is a matter of interpretation of the 1st Amendment-- if we have the right to practice religion, where can we practice it? Anywhere? What does it mean to establish a religion? How far can the separation of church and state can be taken? Will we go so far as to protect the one minority student in an otherwise homogenous school? Is that one student's different set of religious beliefs enough to stop others from having a school prayer or blessing of food at lunch? What about a moment of silence? Is that implying that you should take that moment to think about a god and if so, which one? What about a prayer with no mention of a particular god? In my thesis I will examine these questions, the main question being will school prayer ever be legally instituted? How far will we go to protect the minority?School Prayer:
Will it ever be legally instituted?
J enel Anderson
PO 99; Thesis
Dr. Paul Djupe
Spring 1998
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Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................... 1
Chapter 2- Court Cases ........................................................ 7
Chapter 3- Statistics from the 1996 National Election Study ............ 18
Conclusion ...................................................................... 31
Bibliography .................................................................... 34
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Introduction
School prayer has been a controversial topic in American politics
and society for many years. Some think that religion in school will
provide some moral basis for the education that children are receiving
while others think that religion is something that does not nor should
I
not be combined with the public institution of education. It is a matter
of interpretation of the 1 rt Amendment-- if we have the right to practice
religion, where can we practice it? Anywhere? What does it mean to
establish a religion? How far can the separation of church and state can
be taken? Will we go so far as to protect the one minority student in an
otherwise homogenous school? Is that one student's different set of
religious beliefs enough to stop others from having a school prayer or
blessing of food at lunch? What about a moment of &ilence? Is that
implying that you should take that moment to think about a god and if
so, which one? What about a prayer with no mention of a particular
god? In my thesis I will examine these questions, the main question
being will school prayer ever be legally instituted? How far will we go ' '
to protect the minority?
School prayer, or the influence of religion, is still prese,p.t in
public schools today. It is present at the very beginning of a student's
day when he recites the "Pledge of Allegiance"; the student recites, "one
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2
nation, under God ... ". That is a definite religious influence. Prayer is
also used before meals to bless the meal or to say thanks for the meal.
Religion is often controversial at high school graduations when some of
the students would like a moment of silence or a prayer for the
graduates. Would this be considered crossing the line between church
and state? It is a very fine line, a line very difficult to define. Some
opponents argue that the moment of silence or prayer isolates'those that
do not want to participate and makes them appear different from other
students. Supporters do not address the isolation issue very often, but
they feel that morals need to be taught on an everyday basis and not just
on Sundays.
In order to attempt to answer these questions, I will look at past
cases to see if there have been any trends in court deci'sions and what
the main stipulations are for and against school prayer. , I i;ieed to take
two tracks of study grounded in law and society. The legal approach
looks at cases and the societal approach looks at peoples attitudes.
School prayer is a multi-faceted issue. Christopher Gilbert and Paul
Mueller describe it best when they say, "Prayer in public schools can be
framed as an educational policy issue, a highly chargyd moral issue, or
an issue related primarily to Supreme Court rulings"(l996: 1). I will
look at court cases over the past 30 years. I will look in bQoks, articles, ,._,
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and the 1996 National Election Study. I will also find some information
about how non-Christians feel about prayer in school.
,,
In order to make any generalizations or predictions about school
prayer, it is· necessary to look at previous research on the topic. There
has been much research and writing done on the topic of school prayer.
People have analyzed it regarding the legality of it and others who look
at the social implications of school prayer.
3
Chapter 11 of Religion & Politics in America, written by Robert
Fowler Booth and Allen D. Hertzke, entitled "Church and State in the
Courts" provides both a background of the intention ,of our forfathers
when they formed the Constitution and as to how to interpret the loosely
written liberties and the previous cases that have been brought to court.
It also discusses the limits to free exercise and how far the practicing
can be interpreted. This chapter will be useful to interpret the original
meaning of the Establishment Clause and see how people's arguments
for school prayer violate or comply with it.
Ted Jelen and Clyde Wilcox's book, Public attitudes toward
church and state, will be a useful source as well. It explores the public ' .
opinion on factors such as church and state and religion and state. This
will be helpful to make a prediction about the possibility of the
implementation of school prayer and get a feeling for, how minorities
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feel and exactly how far the majority will go to protect the minorities
rights.
Religion and politics in the United States, written by Kenneth D.
4
Wald, is very similar to the others, it discusses religion and politics and
has a historical review of politics and religion in government. In his
book, Wald discusses how the general public feels about school prayer
and gives a few examples and statistics as to how people feel .about
different approaches to school prayer.
The book The Public Schools and Religion: The Legal Context by
Sam Duker will again provide information on the legality and legislation . ,,
regarding school prayer. He gives analyses of court cases and provides
some insight on the tests that courts use to deem a case unconstitutional
or not.
In his book, Prayer in the Public Schools, William Muir provides
examples of cases as well as attitudes that people.on either side of
school prayer have. He has an interesting section on. the clash between
the law and attitudes. He first explains some of the attitudes and then
the law and then the conflict between the two.
Lee Epstein and Thomas Walker wrote a book called,
Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Rights. Lib_erties. and
Justice. The book discusses and analyzes many court cases. from civil
liberties to civil rights and many more. It has a nice section on exercise
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and establishment of religion. In that section it has three cases
specifically dealing with school prayer. They provide a nice legal
background and show some consistency in court rulings dealirtg with
school prayer in public schools.
5
Another source I will use is a paper written by Christopher Gilbert
and Paul Mueller that they prepared for the annual meeting of the
Society for the Scientific Study of Religion/Religious Research
Association. The article entitled, "Citizen Attitudes Toward Prayer in
Public Schools: Secular and Sacred Dimensions", discusses the change
of opinion regarding school prayer over the past 35 years. They do
demographic, religious, and political research and observed the shift of
opinion. They also noted a difference of opinion depending QJl how the
survey asking respondents their opinion about school prayer was
worded. They do not make any definite predictions for the
implementation of school prayer in the future, but sa)' tha,t it will
depend on how much it is politicized.
It will be difficult to measure just exactly how far a community i,.
would go to protect a minority because each communiW and the
intensity of religiosity there is different. It may be difficult to make a
prediction about the possibility of the implemen,tation of school prayer
for the entire country as religion is different across the countr?, but a
prediction for general types of communities and states may be possible.
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Mainly, I will use case studies, but a time series element will be
present as well to predict whether school prayer will ever be instituted
and to discuss the length of protection of the minority. There are many .
-· ,,
cases over the past 30 years that will provide good background and
possibly some indication of the future. Also, I will examine what has
else has been said about school prayer and present their predictions,
questions, and comments.
6
The chapters will be broken up into an introduction, an evaluation
of previous court cases concerning school prayer, an evaluation of data
depicting who is for and against school prayer and other Hatistical
evidence, and a conclusion.
School prayer is a sensitive subject. Many people do not think
about school prayer, but those that do generally ha".e very strong
feelings one way or another about it. In Kenneth Wald's book Religion
and Politics in the United States, he says that, "Public opinion polls
have consistently revealed that a clear majority of Americans-possibly
as many as two-thirds of the population-favors some _sort of organized
prayer in public schools"(l 12). That is a very large proportion of the
public that favors school prayer. This statistic, makes it more
interesting why school prayer has not been reinstated in our schools.
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Chapter 2
Court cases
7
Over the past few decades there have been cases brought to court
by people or interests who believed that there was too much religious
influence in his/her child's public school. The other side (usually the
school district) obviously believed that there was not and believed that
religious influence in the schools would promote good morals and
values. Since the Constitution will not allow schools to advance nor
inhibit religion, judges interpret advance and inhibit in many different
ways. The three court cases I will review are different from each other
but are very good examples of prayer or religious content being
advanced in public schools and judicial decisions about the issue. They
are also interesting to look at because they are three distinct examples
on how religion is part of the public school system.
The first case, School District of Abington Township v. Schempp,
is a case from Pennsylvania in 1963. In this particular school district,
children read the Bible and recited the Lord's Prayer every morning.
Kids who did not want to participate or their parents did not want them
to were allowed to leave the room and wait in the-halls until this
practice was done for the day(Epstein & Walker 199?: 179).
The Schempps felt that this was isolating their children and if
others saw their children in the halls during this religious period that
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they would believe they were in the halls for bad conduct. The
Schempps were also worried that the teachers would label them as
"oddballs" or "atheists" (197). The Schempps were Unitarians, so they
were Christians, but they did not believe that their children should be
forced to take part in religious activity in a public school.
The Schempps were represented by separationists. and religious
leaders to support the claim that the Bible inherently favored some
religions over others and violated principles of religious establishment.
Attorneys for the school board fought on moral rather than religious
rights. Their expert witnesses testified that the Bible was
"nonsectarian"( 180).
8
The court ruled eight to one that the school could not continue
with its required Bible reading sessions and recitation of tpe Lord's
Prayer. In delivering the opinion of the Court, Justice. Clark stated that
the State was requiring the reading from the Bible and the prayer as part
of their curricular requirements: "The trial cout in Schempp has found
that such an opening exercise is a religious ceremony and wat intended
by the State to be so"(l80). This was one of the most important points
of his opinion. It was the fact that it was the school district's intention
to put religion into the students curriculum. It cannot be intentional but
rather be an optional moral lesson.
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In the dissenting opinion, Justice Stewart stated that " ... if
religious exercises are held to be an impermissible activity in schools,
religion is placed at an artificial and state-created disadvantage"(l 81).
Justice Stewart was arguing that the state was inhibiting religion.
Interestingly, "opinion polls taken after the Abington indicated that only
24 percent of the public supported the Court's decision"(l82).
This case was very important to the argument that prayer should
not be present in the public schools. Justice Clark implied that it was
advancing religion and that was not the State's duty nor place. The
Abington case raised a fundamental question of religion and especially
prayer in the school. The reading of the Bible and recitation of the
Lord's Prayer had violated the Establishment Clause an.d was therefore
prohibited. In this case, the court protected the minority and' stopped
the advance of prayer in public schools--; legally at least. Robert
Birkby, a political scientist conducted a poll in Tennessee inquiring
whether prayer had been eliminated from their schools. Only 1 of the
121 respondents admitted to having totally eliminated Bible readings
and the like(Epstein & Walker 1995:182). Just because the Supreme
Court said that it will not allow for Bible reading and prayer in public
schools, that does not mean that everyone will follow the order.
The next case I am going to examine is that of Wallace v. Jaffree.
Between 1978 and 1982 the Alabama legislature passed
three laws involving prayer in school.
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16-1-20 (1978) authorized one minute of silence in all
public schools for "meditation."
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16-1-20.1 (1981 ) authorized a period of silence in all public
schools "for meditation or voluntary prayer."
16-1-20.2 ( 1982) authorized teachers to lead "willing
students" in prayer to "Almighty God ... the Creator and
Supreme Judge of the world"(l 84 ).
These laws permitted for teachers to pray whenever they felt religious
influence was necessary. Chioke Jaffree was a kindergarten student and
his teacher would lead his class in a prayer blessing the food before they
ate. J affree' s father was a lawyer and believed that school prayer
crossed the line between church and state. "He and his wife agreed 'that
their children should be raised to choose their own religious faith-or
none"'(185 ). Jaffree' s argument was similar to that_ of Schempp in that
if his child did not participate in the required i;eligious activity that he
would be ostracized and treated differently.
The district court that the case was brought before found nothing
defective about 16-1-20 but considered the constitutionality of the two '
'
provisions. After a four-day trial, the court upheld the constitutionality
of the challenged status(l85 ). Jaffree then requested a U.S. c9urt of
appeals to overturn the district court's decision and it did so on the
grounds that "both statutes advance and encourage religious
activity"(l86). The state then appealed the case to the U:S. Supreme
Court. The court summarily affirmed the court's decisiqn on .16-1-20.2,
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but still needed to determine whether a moment of silence "for
meditation or voluntary" prayer was constitutional (185 ).
In Justice Stevens' opinion for the Court, h,e, wote:
Three such tests may be gleaned from our cases. First, the
statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its
principal or primary effect must be one that neither
11
advances nor inhibits religion ... ;finally, the statute must not
foster 'an excessive government entanglement with religion
(186).
He continued by stating that no consideration of the second or third
criteria is necessary if a statute does not have a clearly secular purpose.
Similar to the Schempp case, Justice Stevens said that in applying the
purpose test, it is appropriate to ask "whether government's actual
purpose is to endorse or disapprove of religion"(l 86). That point makes ' •
the line between religion and politics because some would. say that
government should endorse religion as a general body and not a specific
denomination to promote "morals and values". Some would say that it
is not the job of the government to do either, but to stay away from
religion entirely. The court did however, conclude that 16-1-20. l
violated the First Amendment.
One of the dissenting opinions for this case Wi\S written by Justice
Burger. He opened by saying that he found it very iro_nic that on the
very day that the decision was made, the Court's session opened with an
invocation for Divine protection as does the House of Represyntatives
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and the Senate. Justice Burger said nothing can stop a school teacher
from opening the day with a moment of silence or for students to
voluntarily pray if they so choose. He also wrote that by allowing a
moment of prayer, Alabama is not endorsing prayer and affirming the
lower courts would manifest hostility toward religion. He also
criticized the "test" derived from the Lemon case as a naYve approach
for addressing fine-line constitutional issues(l 89 ).
The third case I will look at is Lee v. Wiesman. This case has to
do with prayer and allusion to God in graduation ceremonies-- in a
public school can prayer be said at a graduation ceremony? In June of
1989 , Rabbi Gutterman gave the invocation and benediction using the
guidelines given to him by the school's principal. Both speeches he
gave were non-sectarian and mentioned God very minimally, mainly
thanking Him.
"Daniel Weisman, whose daughter, Deborah, was in the
graduating class, challenged as a violation of the First Amendment the
school' s allowing invocations and benedictions at graduation /, ..
12
exercises"(l 93). The federal trial court and federal appellate court
affirmed, ruling the practice unconstitutional. The case was then taken
to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Justice Kennedy delivered the opinion of the Court. The U.S.
Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeals. He wrote
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The undeniable fact is that the school district' s supervision
and control of a high school graduation ceremony places
public pressure, as well as peer pressure,. on attending
students to stand as a group or, at least, maintain respectful
silence during the Invocation and Benedi.ction. This
pressure, though subtle and indirect, 'can be as real as any
overt compulsion(l 96).
Justice Kennedy goes on to say that even though attendance at
graduation is voluntary and one need not be present to obtain the
diploma, there is a stigma attached to not attending. He also writes:
The prayer exercises in this case are especially improper
because the State has in every practical sense compelled
attendance and participation in an explii:;it religious exercise
at an event of singular importance to every student, one the
objecting student had no real alternative to avoid ... No
holding by this Court suggests that a school can persuade or
compel a student to participate in a religious exercise. That
is being done here, and it is forbidden by.the Establishment
Clause of the First Amendment(l 97).
In dissenting opinions, Justice Scalia, Justice White, and Justice
Thomas write that graduation is a long-time tradition and that it is
common for there to be a non-sectarian celebrational prayer to God.
The authors of the dissent compare the religious symbols of various
holidays that are celebrated by a community to the prayer at_ a
graduation ceremony that is also celebrated by the community. They
say that in the upcoming graduation ceremonies there will be prayer and
those that protest should abstain from participatil}g.in the prayer(20 0).
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There have been few attempts to institute prayer in schools at the
federal level, but not at the state level-it has been very prevalent at the
lower level. In 197 1, the prayer-in-school amendment died out. But
with the election of Ronald Reagan, school prayer was brought to the
forefront once again. "Reagan proclaimed that 'God should never have
been expelled from America's classrooms"'(l83). "Reagari began a new
movement to amend the Constitution with this proposal in 1982:
Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prohibit individual or
group prayer in public schools or other public institutions. No person
shall be required by the United States or any state to participi\te in
prayer"(l83). The Senate voted 56-44, once again falling short of the
necessary two-thirds vote.
The previous court cases have shown some consistepcy in court
rulings regarding school prayer. Each case was distincqy dif.ferent from
the others and each one was denied the institution of schoI-prayer.
With the general public's overwhelmi
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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