1,721,407 research outputs found
Redelighed og integritet på bacheloruddannelsen
No full textVidenskabelig uredelighed er et emne, som nogle gange optræder i FVT-kurser, ofte i meget forskellige udformninger. Med den nye kodeks for redelighed og integritet i forskningen er der imidlertid grund til at gribe emnet mere systematisk an og se på, hvordan undervisning i redelighed og integritet overordnet set overhovedet bør gribes an, hvilken rolle FVT-kurserne kan spille og hvordan videnskabsteoretikere kan samarbejde med fagdidaktikere og universitetspædagoger i indfasningen af den af kodekset anbefalede undervisning
Demarcating misconduct from misinterpretations and mistakes
Full text linkWithin recent years, scientific misconduct has become an increasingly important topic, not only in the scientific community, but in the general public as well. Spectacular cases have been extensively covered in the news media, such as the cases of the Korean stem cell researcher Hwang, the German nanoscientist Schön, or the Norwegian cancer researcher Sudbø. In Science's latest annual "breakthrough of the year" report from December 2006, the descriptions of the year's hottest breakthroughs were accompanied by a similar description of "the breakdown of the year: scientific fraud". Official guidelines for dealing with scientific misconduct were introduced in the 1990s. At this time, research agencies, universities and other research institutions around the world developed guidelines for good scientific practice and formed committees to handle cases of scientific misconduct. In this process it was widely debated how to define scientific misconduct. Most definitions centered on falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism (the so-called FFP definition), but suggestions were also made for definitions that were broader and more open-ended, such as the 1995 suggestion from the US Commission of Research Integrity to replace FFP with misappropriation, interference and misrepresentation (the so-called MIM definition). The MIM definition was not adopted in the US, but MIM-like definitions have been adopted in several other countries. In this paper, I shall describe these MIM-related definitions of scientific misconduct and analyze the arguments that have been advanced in their favor. I shall discuss some of the difficulties inherent in the MIM-related definitions, such as the distinction between misrepresentation and mistake, and the demarcation of misrepresentation in areas characterized by uncertainty or by diverging research paradigms. I shall illustrate the problems inherent in the MIM-definition through a particular case: the ruling of the Danish Committee on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD) about Bjørn Lomborg's best-selling book The Skeptical Environmentalist in which he argued that contrary to what was claimed in the “litany” of the environmentalists, the state of the environment is getting better rather than worse. Lomborg was reported to the DCSD by several environmental scientists, and this controversial case from 2003 ended with a verdict that characterized Lomborg’s conclusions as misrepresentations, but acquitted Lomborg of misconduct due to his ignorance. I shall analyze this verdict and the problems it reveals with respect to the MIM-related definitions of misconduct
Indicare, rappresentare e dislocare. La 'Deixis am Phantasma' di Karl Bühler e i modi del Discorso Riportato
No full textDeixis am phantasma’ or imagination-oriented deixis is a mode of reference, originally described by Karl Bühler, that direct-ly brings into play one of the distinctive properties of human language, namely the unlimited capacity to dislocate in space and time the referents and situations that are the object of discourse. Since representing and reporting other people’s speech is a discourse situation in which speakers must represent, transpose and dislocate referents, situations, and other people’s words, reported speech is a very suitable area in which to observe this particular type of deixis. In this paper, after briefly re-stating the main points of Bühler’s theory of language, i.e., the two-field theory and the different modes of reference within the deictic field, I discuss the three different types of imagination-oriented deixis (as identified by Bühler). I then try to point out what I consider to be their systematic correlations with the two main deictic modes of reporting speech (direct vs. indi-rect), while, conversely, noting the unsystematic correlations with that intermediate or hybrid form of reporting that is free indirect speec
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