1,721,301 research outputs found
How do individuals with Developmental Coordination Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder cope with their symptoms?
Full text linkDiagnostik psychopathischer persönlichkeitszüge bei straftätern
No full textDas Psychopathic Personality Inventory Revised (PPI-R) wurde bisher anhand der Daten gesunder, nicht straffälliger Probanden validiert. Die vorliegende Untersuchung überprüft die Validität des PPI-R für Straftäterstichproben. Die PPI-R Werte von 152 männlichen Patienten des Maßregelvollzugs, 65 Strafgefangenen und 214 männlichen Studenten wurden verglichen. Es wurden Reliabilitätskoeffizienten sowie Korrelationen mit der PCL-R berechnet. Es ergaben sich gute Reliabilitätskoeffizienten in der forensischen und der Strafgefangenen-Stichprobe. Die forensischen Patienten unterschieden sich signifikant von der gesunden Gruppe im Gesamtwert des PPI-R. Der PPI-R Gesamtwert und die PCL-R sowie deren Faktoren korrelierten signifikant. Obwohl die Gütekriterien des PPI-R auch in Straftätergruppen repliziert werden konnten, legen die Ergebnisse die Verwendung spezifischer Referenzwerte nahe. Einschränkungen des Einsatzes im Rahmen von prognostischen Aussagen sind zu beachten
Missing out: Depressed patients avoid functional risk-taking in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task
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From avoidance to approach: The influence of threat-of-shock on reward-based decision making
No full textPotential threat can prime defensive responding and avoidance behavior, which may result in the loss of rewards. When aversive consequences do not occur, avoidance should, thus, be quickly overcome in healthy individuals. This study examined the impact of threat anticipation on reward-based decisions. Sixty-five participants completed a decision-making task in which they had to choose between high- and low-reward options. To model an approach-avoidance conflict, the high-reward option was contingent with a threat-of-shock cue; the low-reward option was contingent with a safety cue. In control trials, decisions were made without threat/safety instructions. Overall, behavioral data documented a typical preference for the profitable option. Importantly, under threat-of-shock, participants initially avoided the profitable option (i.e., safe, but less profitable choices). However, when they experienced that shocks did actually not occur, participants overcame initial avoidance in favor of larger gains. Furthermore, autonomic arousal (skin conductance and heart rate responses) was elevated during threat cues compared to safety and non-threatening control cues. Taken together, threat-of-shock was associated with behavioral consequences: initially, participants avoided threat-related options but made more profitable decisions as they experienced no aversive consequences. Although socially acquired threat contingencies are typically stable, incentives for approach can help to overcome threat-related avoidance
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