165 research outputs found
MCC phylogeny trimmed to data used in comparative analyses
No full textMCC phylogeny from Burns et al. (2014). The tree has been trimmed to include the species used in comparative analyses. Citation: Burns, K. J., A. J. Shultz, P. O. Title, N. A. Mason, F. K. Barker, J. Klicka, S. M. Lanyon, and I. J. Lovette. 2014. Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds. MPE 75:41–77
Posterior trees used in comparative analyses
No full textSet of 100 phylogenies from the posterior distribution presented in Burns et al. (2014). The tree has been trimmed to include the species used in comparative analyses. Citation: Burns, K. J., A. J. Shultz, P. O. Title, N. A. Mason, F. K. Barker, J. Klicka, S. M. Lanyon, and I. J. Lovette. 2014. Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds. MPE 75:41–77
R functions to perform Ancestral State Reconstructions of Color Cone Catches
No full textFunctions to replicate the analyses presented by Price and Eaton (2014). See comments in file for additional information.
Price, J. J., and M. D. Eaton. 2014. Reconstructing the evolution of sexual dichromatism: current color diversity does not reflect past rates of male and female change. Evolution 68:2026–2037
Quantifying the Effects of 120 Years of Urban Development on the Avian Community of the Los Angeles Basin
No full textGreater Los Angeles, California (L.A.) is a global metropolis that supports over 15 million people. The area formerly encompassed numerous wetland and upland ecosystems which have been largely altered due to urbanization. While birds are well-established as indicators of biological health, a historically minded study of the effects of urbanization on the breeding bird community of a major metropolis has rarely been explored. My overarching goal was to explore the effects of more than a century of urbanization on the avifauna of L.A. My study had three objectives. First, I modeled the historical avian community of Los Angeles; second, I assessed the turnover in the avian community from the historical to the contemporary period; and, third, I quantified the degree of homogenization of the avian community following over a century of development. To address my first objective, I fitted single-season occupancy models of 30 bird species using egg, nest, and study skins from the 1870s to 1914 as response variables, and habitat data based on a hypothesized Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) landcover of L.A. and parcel development data as predictor data. To address my second objective, I compared predictions of the historical avifauna from the occupancy modeling routine with field-based data from more modern Breeding Bird Atlas observations using multivariate analysis of similarities and ordination. I also quantified the change in spatial occupancy in the breeding bird community over time and assessed change based on the outputs of the multivariate analyses. To address my third objective, I computed the Shannon Diversity Index for birds affiliated with the main historical landcover types (e.g., woodland, grassland, coastal sage scrub, and freshwater) to understand whether avian communities from distinct ecosystems showed signs of homogenization following the urbanization of the region. Greater Los Angeles, California (L.A.) is a global metropolis that supports over 15 million people. The area formerly encompassed numerous wetland and upland ecosystems which have been largely altered due to urbanization. While birds are well- established as indicators of biological health, a historically minded study of the effects of urbanization on the breeding bird community of a major metropolis has rarely been explored. My overarching goal was to quantify the potential effects of more than a century of urbanization on the avifauna of L.A. My study had three objectives. First, I modeled the historical avian community of Los Angeles; second, I assessed the turnover in the avian community from the historical to the contemporary period; and third, I quantified the degree of homogenization of the avian community following over a century of development. To address my first objective, I fitted single-season occupancy models of 30 bird species using egg, nest, and study skins from the 1870s to 1914 as response variables, and habitat data based on a hypothesized Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) land cover of L.A. and parcel development data as predictor data. To address my second objective, I compared predictions of the historical avifauna from the occupancy modeling routine with field-based data from more contemporary Breeding Bird Atlas observations using multivariate analysis of similarities and ordination. I also quantified the change in spatial occupancy in the breeding bird community over time and assessed change based on the outputs of the multivariate analyses. To address my third objective, I computed the Shannon Diversity Index for birds affiliated with the main historical land cover types (e.g., woodland, grassland, coastal sage scrub, and freshwater marsh) to understand whether avian communities from distinct ecosystems showed varying degrees of homogenization following the urbanization of the region. The species with the greatest decreases included the Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, the Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, and the Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia, each of which experienced a 100% loss in the study area and were associated with lowland vegetation types, e.g., riparian, grassland, and coastal sage scrub. The species with the least change included the Black-throated Gray Warbler Setophaga nigrescens (29% decrease), the Hutton's Vireo Vireo huttoni (12 % decrease), the American Kestrel Falco sparverius 16% increase), which are associated with foothill and montane vegetation types. The species with the greatest increases were synanthropic species absent from the historical record which colonized the city post-urbanization. These species include the House Sparrow Passer domesticus, the Rock Dove Columba livia, and the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris, each of which had a historical occupancy of zero and now are common in nearly the entire urbanized region. My results suggest a dramatic turnover in the avian community, moving from one that was likely more diverse throughout the extent of the city to a more homogenous community. All lowland ecosystems experienced homogenization in their associated avifauna with grasslands and wetlands showing the greatest degree of homogenization (45% and 44% declines in Shannon diversity, respectively) and foothill woodlands the least (15% decline). While there have been many studies of the effects of urbanization on biodiversity, my study captures an important temporal component and details particular avian species and ecosystems that have been most heavily affected following the development of a megacity
Enacting Culturally Relevant Pedagogy when “Mathematics Has No Color”: Epistemological Contradictions
No full textCulturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) seeks to improve equity in instruction and leverage students’ experiences by promoting academic success, cultural competence, and sociopolitical consciousness. We examine instructors’ perceptions of student identity to understand the ways undergraduate mathematics instructors are enacting or experiencing barriers to enacting CRP. Interviews with ten mathematics faculty at Hispanic-serving institutions identified two potential barriers to enacting CRP: first, instructors’ hesitance to communicate about student identity, especially with respect to race and gender; and second, instructors holding epistemologies that mathematics is culture-free. Despite these barriers, almost all interviewees implemented the academic success tenet of CRP. These barriers may prevent instruction around cultural competence and sociopolitical consciousness, which are the two tenets that most capitalize on students’ informal knowledge, identities, and cultural experiences. Changing discourse by taking more risks in conversation and inviting a more diverse range of people to the undergraduate mathematics community are potential ways to address these barriers.This article is published as Shultz, M., Close, E., Nissen, J. et al. Enacting Culturally Relevant Pedagogy when “Mathematics Has No Color”: Epistemological Contradictions. Int. J. Res. Undergrad. Math. Ed. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40753-023-00219-x. Posted with permission. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Personality, performance, and the effects of stress on checkered pufferfish (Sphoeroides testudineus)
No full textFew studies focus on the mechanisms that regulate consistent individual-level differences in behaviour (i.e., personality) in wild animals, despite their potential evolutionary and ecological implications. I examined whether wild checkered pufferfish (Sphoeroides testudineus) have consistent individual-level differences in locomotor activity, threat-response behaviour, swimming ability, and puffing performance. I also evaluated the relationships between these personality and performance traits. Personality and performance were compared to movements in the field. In addition, I tested whether a treatment of the stress hormone cortisol would alter personality and performance. Pufferfish exhibited personalities but these were not associated with performance or recapture in the field. Performance was consistent between the lab and the natural enclosure but activity was not. The cortisol treatment did not modify personality or performance, which suggests that these traits do not represent a stress-coping syndrome. I conclude by recommending future directions for research on stress and personality in wild animals
Data from: Immune genes are hotspots of shared positive selection across birds and mammals
No full textConsistent patterns of positive selection in functionally similar genes can suggest a common selective pressure across a group of species. We use alignments of orthologous protein-coding genes from 39 species of birds to estimate parameters related to positive selection for 11,000 genes conserved across birds. We show that functional pathways related to the immune system, recombination, lipid metabolism, and phototransduction are enriched for positively selected genes. By comparing our results with mammalian data, we find a significant enrichment for positively selected genes shared between taxa, and that these shared selected genes are enriched for viral immune pathways. Using pathogen-challenge transcriptome data, we show that genes up-regulated in response to pathogens are also enriched for positively selected genes. Together, our results suggest that pathogens, particularly viruses, consistently target the same genes across divergent clades, and that these genes are hotspots of host-pathogen conflict over deep evolutionary time
Marketing as Constructive Engagement
No full textThe purpose of this essay is to provoke a more comprehensive, historically accurate, and meaningful definition of marketing. Toward that outcome, the author introduces a framework for marketing that argues for constructive engagement with a complex, conflicted, and increasingly interdependent world in which marketing can and should play an important role. The framework offers a new synthesis commensurate with ideals generally espoused in macromarketing. An illustration based on longitudinal study of Vietnam is shared, with implications for current global affairs and with new directions for meaningful marketing research and practice
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