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The Internet of Things: Foundational ethical issues
No full textThis paper surveys foundational ethical issues that attach to the Internet of Things (IoT). In Section 1, we provide an overview of the technology, indicating both current and future applications. Subsequent sections consider particular ethical issues, including: informed consent (Section 2), privacy (Section 3), information security (Section 4), physical safety (Section 5), and trust (Section 6). Section 7 emphasizes that these ethical issues do not exist in isolation, but converge and intersect in myriad ways. And that these issues are not comprehensive, but rather are foundational starting points that stand to be expanded and further elucidated through future research.Ethics & Philosophy of Technolog
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Philosophy of Logic
No full textThis chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Logical Consequence
Logical Pluralism
Applications of Logic
Conclusion
Reference
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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The emergence of international legal norms for cyberconflict
No full textCyber Chevauchées: Cyber War Can Happen
No full textIt is not clear whether cyberwarfare deserves to be called warfare, or if it should instead be considered something short of war like espionage or even as a discrete form of criminal activity. For example, it is difficult to conceptualize how a denial of service attack against civilian social media, even on a massive scale, can overthrow an adversary, so how can this be thought of as war? Some, like Thomas Rid, argue that ‘cyberwar’ is a misnomer. It has never happened, and it is unlikely to ever happen. Cyberwar is not real war because it does not involve violence or the threat of violence, it is not instrumental in the same way that military force can be, and it is not attributable to a specific actor. We are therefore simply confusing one kind of activity for another when we call a cyber-attack an act of ‘war’. To respond to this, it may be helpful to look back into medieval history, even though the period appears, on the face of it, to have little relevance to the computer age. Common during the Hundred Years War, hevau hées involved mounted soldiers deliberately spreading out over an enemy’s territory to plunder and destroy everything in their path. Many military historians saw these types of action as a diversion from the real focus of war, which was, surely, to find and defeat the enemy. Therefore, for many years hevau hées were wrongly dismissed as peripheral activities - simply mounted plundering expeditions rather than actual war. However, their real strategic purpose was actually to weaken the moral and economic base of rivals, undermining political legitimacy by raising the cost of conflict to a point where negotiation and compromise would follow, often without the need to fight at all. If some forms of cyber-attacks are seen in this context it becomes clearer how they can be conceptualized within a broader notion of war as social phenomenon. If the intent is to demonstrate that a state cannot protect the day-to-day life of its citizens, the cost in moral and economic terms, as well as political legitimacy may be raised to a point that it is easier to offer concessions than submit to further prolonged attacks. This chapter examines the arguments put forward by Rid and, by drawing parallels with some historical warfare examples, will conclude that Rid’s position is both misguided and unrealistic: cyberwar can happen
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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