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Characteristics and potential for promoting nature of science
No full textDurch die Möglichkeiten des Internets befindet sich die Wissenschaftskommunikation im Wandel. Die Bedeutung klassischer Medien, und damit auch der Einfluss von Gatekeepern wie Wissenschaftsjournalist* innen, nimmt immer weiter zugunsten von Social Media ab, weshalb die Verbreitung von nicht kuratierten wissenschaftlichen Informationen zunimmt. Gleichzeitig kann in der naturwissenschaftlichen Bildung nicht antizipiert werden, welche Inhalte zukünftig notwendig werden könnten, um mit Fehlinformationen umzugehen. Ein Ausweg könnte ein Wandel der formalen Bildung hin zur Vermittlung eines Verständnisses über das Wissenschaftssystem sein, um das Vertrauen der Bevölkerung in die Wissenschaft zu stärken, und damit Laien die Glaubwürdigkeit wissenschaftlicher Aussagen beurteilen können, ohne deren Inhalt im Detail verstehen zu müssen. Diese Fähigkeiten werden in Zukunft immer wichtiger, um an den globalen Debatten partizipieren zu können.
Die Lektüre von wissenschaftlichen Texten könnte eine Möglichkeit sein, um diesen Wandel zu evozieren. Das Publizieren wissenschaftlicher Informationen ist zentral für die Erkenntnisgewinnung in der Wissenschaft; die Kommunikationswege sind dabei an deren Funktion ausgerichtet und reflektieren inhärent die Eigenschaften der Wissenschaften. Originale wissenschaftliche Literatur stellt jedoch in der Regel zu hohe Anforderungen an die Verständlichkeit des Textes. Mit dem Konzept der adaptierten wissenschaftlichen Literatur (adapted scientific literature, ASL) wird für Schüler*innen und Studienanfänger*innen die Lektüre authentischer wissenschaftlicher Literatur in adaptierter Form ermöglicht. In dieser Arbeit werden die Grundlagen der Konzeption und ihr Ursprung aus der adapted primary literature (APL) erklärt, um dann die Eigenschaften dieser Textgattung und ihr Potential für die Vermittlung von Nature of Science (NOS) zu untersuchen.
Eine der Eigenschaften von ASL, die untersucht wurde, ist die Lesbarkeit der Texte. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse eine verbesserte Lesbarkeit von ASL-Texten gegenüber ihren Adaptionsvorlagen und erwartungsgemäß eine geringere Lesbarkeit im Vergleich zu Schulbuchtexten. Stellvertretend für linguistische Merkmale wurde mithilfe von naive Bayes classifiers und support vector classifiers die Nutzung von Hedging, also von Ausdrücken zur Aushandlung von Unsicherheiten, in ihrer Quantität und ihrer Verteilung im jeweiligen Textverlauf maschinell analysiert. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich der mittlere Anteil des Hedgings in den Gruppen der ASL-Artikel und deren Originalvorlagen jeweils signifikant vom mittleren Anteil der Schulbuchtexte unterscheiden. Der Vergleich des Verlaufs des Hedgings im Text zwischen ASL und Original ergibt einen ungefähr gleichen Verlauf, allerdings eine etwas höhere relative Dichte zu Beginn der Originalliteratur und zum Ende der ASL-Texten. Wahrscheinlich ist dies durch die Adaptierung zu erklären, da in der Einleitung der Adaption weniger unsicheres Vorwissen inkludiert wird. Abschließend wurde durch eine theoretische Analyse das Potential von wissenschaftlicher Fachliteratur für die Vermittlung von NOS bestimmt, indem textuelle Charakteristika mit NOS-Aspekten verknüpft wurden. Eine quantitative Untersuchung im Pre- Post-Testdesign untersuchte den Einfluss der Lektüre eines ASL-Artikels auf die ausgewählten Aspekte der Unsicherheit und Vorläufigkeit, Subjektivität und Objektivität und der empirischen NOS. Trotz gutem Vorwissensergebnissen ließen sich positive Effekte bezüglich der Veränderung des Verständnisses dieser Aspekte finden, weshalb die Lektüre von ASL als ein vielversprechendes Werkzeug zur Vermittlung von NOS eingesetzt werden kann.Science communication is changing, driven by the huge potential of the Internet. The importance of traditional media, and thus the influence of gatekeepers such as science journalists, continues to decline in favor of social media, which is why the dissemination of uncurated scientific information is on the rise. At the same time, science education cannot anticipate what kind of content might become important in the future to deal with misinformation. One promising solution could be a shift in formal education towards providing an understanding of the science system to increase public confidence in science and to allow non-experts to assess the credibility of scientific statements without having to understand their content in detail. These skills will become increasingly important in the future in order to be able to participate in global debates.
Reading scientific texts could be a useful tool to make this change happen. Publishing scientific information is central for the acquisition of knowledge in science; communication channels are thereby designed around their function and inherently reflect the characteristics of science. The concept of adapted scientific literature (ASL) enables high school and university students to read authentic scientific literature in an adapted form. This thesis explains the basics of the concept and its origins in the concept of the adapted primary literature (APL), and then examines the characteristics of this text genre and its potential for teaching Nature of Science (NOS).
One of the characteristics of ASL that was investigated was the readability of the texts. Overall, the results show improved readability of ASL texts compared to their originals and, as expected, lower readability compared to textbook texts. As a proxy for linguistic features, naive Bayes classifiers and support vector classifiers were used to analyze the quantity of expressions used to negotiate uncertainty (hedging) and their distribution in the respective progression of the text. It was found that the proportion of hedging in the groups of ASL or their original articles differed significantly from textbook texts in each case. The comparison of the distribution of hedging in the text between ASL and the original results in approximately the same trajectory, but a slightly higher density in the introduction of the original literature. This can probably be explained by the adaptation process, since less uncertain prior knowledge is included in the introduction of the adaptation. Moreover, the density is proportionally higher in the last third of ASL texts. Finally, a theoretical analysis determined the potential of scientific literature for teaching NOS by linking textual characteristics to NOS aspects. A quantitative study in a pre-post test design examined the influence of reading an ASL article on the selected aspects of uncertainty and tentativeness, subjectivity and objectivity, and the empirical nature of science. Despite good prior knowledge results, positive effects could be found regarding the change of understanding of these aspects, therefore reading ASL can be used as a promising tool for teaching NOS.2024-12-0
Reading Adapted Scientific Literature: A Theoretical and Qualitative Assessment of its Potential for Promoting an Understanding of Nature of Science
Get PDFReading authentic scientific literature is expected to have many positive effects on students, including the communication of various aspects about nature of science. Many different approaches are discussed, e.g., using a research article unchanged, adding comments and explanations to an article, or changing and adapting it. Common to all approaches is the underlying premise that the characteristic properties of scientific literature can promote nature of science in educational settings. To support this premise, this article first links selected structural and rhetorical features of scientific literature to aspects of the nature of science. We then report on our qualitative study of how reading an adaptation of a scientific review affects pre-service teachers' understanding of nature of science. The examined features of scientific literature point to aspects of nature of science. After our intervention, we observed a shift in participants’ perception of the uncertainty of scientific knowledge, leading to a more accurate understanding, while changes on the empirical nature of scientific knowledge and as the subjectivity of scientists improved primarily among individual participants. From both a theoretical and an empirical point of view, our findings collectively suggest that engaging with authentic scientific literature in form of adapted literature can effectively promote an understanding of nature of science
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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