26 research outputs found
The looming threat of dengue fever: the Africa context
No full textIn Africa, compared to 2019, dengue infections have surged ninefold by December 2023, with over 270 000 cases and 753 deaths reported across 18 African Union (AU) Member States. This commentary synthesises the context of dengue outbreaks in Africa and provides recommendations for sustainable control. In 2023, 18 African Union Member States reported outbreaks of dengue, among which seven had ongoing armed conflicts. These countries were amongst the top 15 African countries contributing to the most displaced persons on the continent and accounted for 98% of all dengue cases reported in the continent in 2023. Climate change remains an important driver, both through the displacement of people and global warming. The continent continues to face several challenges in detection, reporting and management, such as the lack of local laboratory capacity, misclassification of dengue cases and lack of medical countermeasures. Solutions targeting the strengthening of cross-border surveillance and early warning systems using a multisectoral one-health approach, local research and development for therapeutics and diagnostics and community engagement empowering communities to protect themselves and understand the gravity of the threat could help curb the spread of the disease in Africa
Cholera case trends in Eastern Africa using surveillance data, 2007-2024
No full textIntroduction: Cholera is a public health threat in Africa, with an estimated 68,480 cases and 895 deaths reported across seven of 14 Member States in the Eastern region in 2023. Within the region, cholera outbreak has been protracted in the horn of Africa, with countries responding to the outbreak amid prolonged harsh drought, floods and complex humanitarian emergencies. In recent months, an upsurge in cases and deaths has been observed in the region, with five countries reporting active outbreaks this year. We describe the trend of cholera cases in Comoros, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania for 2007-2024. Methods: Descriptive trend analysis of cholera case data for Comoros, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania, from 2007-2024, was performed. Data were obtained from the Event Management System of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2023-2024) and the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON) online resource for data (2007-2022). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) data was sourced from WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for WASH. The term 'cholera case' includes both confirmed and suspected. Results: From 2007 to 5 April 2024, a total of 578,449 cholera cases and 8,514 deaths [case fatality rate (CFR): 1.5%] were reported from Comoros, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania. Somalia accounted for 55.2% (315,972) of the cases and 54.6% (4,700) of the corresponding deaths. The average CFR per year was 1.4%, ranging from 0.3% in 2014 to 2.4% in 2016. During the review period, notable geographical patterns that were triggered by climate change were observed. Somalia experienced annual cholera outbreaks beginning November and December and receding in May, with largest occurrences in 2011 (77,636 cases) and 2017 (75,414 cases). Widespread outbreaks occurred in Ethiopia from 2007-2010, with a high peak in 2009 (31,509 cases) and recently in 2023 (29,869 cases). For this year, cases in Kenya appear to be on the decline while Tanzania shows an increasing pattern. Comoros reported its first cholera outbreak since 2007 in February 2024 through a cross-border event with Tanzania. Ethiopia is among countries in Africa with the largest population practicing open defecation in 2022. Discussion: The trend analysis underscores the persistent nature of cholera outbreak in the Eastern region. Climate change impacts the dynamics of the outbreak by limiting access to safe water and sanitation, and triggering increased cross-border movements. The average CFR per year surpassed the recommended <1% threshold. Conclusion: The cholera response requires a regional multi-sectoral and coordination mechanism approach, given the same protracted nature and cross-border transmissions. Significant resources are needed to implement long-term WASH strategies. With the predicted above-normal rainfall for the horn of Africa between March and May 2024, climate change in relation to health outcomes should be considered an emerging area of focus
Синтакса и семантика датива
No full textIn this paper, the author presents the survey of syntactic-semantic, and, in relevant instances, also pragmatic-semantic characteristics of the dative case in the contemporary standard Serbian language. On the one hand, the existing, extensive descriptions of syntactic-semantic behavior of the dative case in large grammar books (cf. Daničić 1858; Stevanović 1979) taking into account the time when they were written - by their methodological approach and manner of presentation belong to the history of grammatical description; and, by the corpus they described, they belong to the history of the standard Serbian language. On the other hand, unlike other cases in the Serbian language, the dative case has not been monographically described so far, but it has been extensively discussed only in the confrontative research of the Russian and the Serbian language (cf. Milinković 1988). Taking into account all these facts, this paper is the author's attempt to point out to the well known characteristics of the dative case, along with some new details, presented in a different manner than before, but systematically comprehensively, clearly and, at the same time, without the extensive description of details irrelevant for the whole system. The author distinguishes eleven basic types of the dative case in the contemporary standard Serbian language. These are: the subject dative, the predicative dative, the object directive dative (that is the dative as the indirect object [the second object] and the explicative dative as the complement and at the same time, as a broadly understood, object-goal [and the single object at the same time], the possesive dative, the spatial directive dative, the instrumental dative, the causative dative, the criterion dative, the concessive dative, the ethic dative, and the dative in the speech acts of oaths and praises.U radu se daje pregled sintaksičko-semantičkih, a u relevantnim slučajevima i pragmatičko-semantičkih osobenosti dativa u savremenom standardnom srpskom jeziku. S obzirom na činjenicu da, s jedne strane, postojeći opširni opisi sintaksičko-semantičkog ponašanja dativa u velikim gramatičkim priručnicima (Daničić, 1858; Stevanović, 19793), a imajući u vidu vreme njihovog nastanka pripadaju već, po metodološkom pristupu i načinu prezentacije, istoriji gramatičkog opisa, a po opisanom korpusu dobrim delom istoriji standardnog srpskog jezika, a s druge strane, za razliku od drugih padeža srpskog jezika dativ, do sada, nije dobio monografski opis, već je, obuhvatnije, razmatran samo u okviru konfrontativnih istraživanja ruskog i srpskog jezika (Milinković, 1988), ovo je pokušaj da se znane osobenosti dativa, uz po neki novi detalj, sistematično, obuhvatio, pregledno, ali istovremeno bez opterećenja opširnom deskripcijom sistemski irelevantnih detalja, na nešto drukčiji način predstave
El collar de la paloma : tratado sobre el amor y los amantes
No full textSe recoge en este trabajo la opinión que algunos estudiosos han dado sobre una de las mejores obras de la literatura árabe, calificada por don Emilio García Gómez de auténtica joya literaria. Su autor, el ilustre polígrafo cordobés, Ibn Hazm (994-1064), comenzó a escribirla en el año 1022 en unas duras condiciones, como él mismo reconoce, cuando se hallaba cautivo en dativa. Por entonces, el califato cordobés mostraba ya sus primeros síntomas de debilidad. Esta obra esta escrita en árabe purísimo y en rica prosa en la que se intercalan versos con un profundo sentimiento. En ella su autor nos narra aspectos del amor basados en su propia experiencia, y en lo que le contaron gentes de fiar, transmitiendo, en suma, como amaron las gentes de al-Andalus durante el gobierno de la dinastía omeya; por este motivo, algunos consideran, en parte, este libro como la autobiografía de su autor y de las gentes que le rodearon. Ibn Hazm compuso esta obra por encargo de un amigo y a través de ella le ofrece, por la amistad que les une, «ayuda» para alcanzar la verdad. En los sucesivos capítulos de que consta «El collar», el autor nos habla de los fundamentos del amor, entre los que destaca, la esencia del amor, las formas de enamoramiento,etc... de los accidentes del amor y de sus cualidades loables y vituperables; de las malaventuras que sobrevienen al amor, de la fealdad del pecado y de la castidad. No obstante, a pesar del plan previo establecido por el autor, estos temas se mezclan unos con otros, y de ello se excusa Ibn Hazm. «El collar de la paloma» ha tenido una gran divulgación, siendo traducido a las principales lenguas, y en él han querido encontrar, estudiosos de la literatura medieval ciertas similitudes.
This report contains some opinión from several experts about one of the masterpieces of the arab literature, considered as an authentic jewel by Emilio García Gómez. Its author, the famous cordovan polygraph Ibn Hazm (994-1064), started to write it in 1022, under hard living conditions, when he was in prison in dativa. By then, the cordovan caliphate showed its first symptoms of weakness. This work is written in a verypure arab and in rich prose, in which some verses are intercalated with a deepe feel. There, its author writes about some love aspects based on his own experience and on the testimony of reliable people, transmitting the way in which people from al - Andalus loved during the Omeya dinasty; for this reason, some people partially consider this book as the author's, and the people sorrownding him, autobiography. Ibn Hazm composed this work for a friend, in which he offers him, for friendship reasons, some help to achieve the truth. Along the next chapters of «El collar», the author taiks about the foundations of love, among which he emphasizes the essence of love, the ways to fall in love, etc., the accidents of love, the laudable qualities and defects; the misfortunes after the love, the uglyness of sin and the chastity. Nevertheless, although there is a previous plan foreseen by the author, these aspects are mixed between them, and Ibn Hazm apoiogizes for that. «El collar de la Paloma» has become very popular, having been traslated to the main lenguajes, and in which some medieval literature specialists have wanted to find some similaríties
Health Secur
No full textUganda is highly vulnerable to public health emergencies (PHEs) due to its geographic location next to the Congo Basin epidemic hot spot, placement within multiple epidemic belts, high population growth rates, and refugee influx. In view of this, Uganda's Ministry of Health established the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (PHEOC) in September 2013, as a central coordination unit for all PHEs in the country. Uganda followed the World Health Organization's framework to establish the PHEOC, including establishing a steering committee, acquiring legal authority, developing emergency response plans, and developing a concept of operations. The same framework governs the PHEOC's daily activities. Between January 2014 and December 2021, Uganda's PHEOC coordinated response to 271 PHEs, hosted 207 emergency coordination meetings, trained all core staff in public health emergency management principles, participated in 21 simulation exercises, coordinated Uganda's Global Health Security Agenda activities, established 6 subnational PHEOCs, and strengthened the capacity of 7 countries in public health emergency management. In this article, we discuss the following lessons learned: PHEOCs are key in PHE coordination and thus mitigate the associated adverse impacts; although the functions of a PHEOC may be legalized by the existence of a National Institute of Public Health, their establishment may precede formally securing the legal framework; staff may learn public health emergency management principles on the job; involvement of leaders and health partners is crucial to the success of a public health emergency management program; subnational PHEOCs are resourceful in mounting regional responses to PHEs; and service on the PHE Strategic Committee may be voluntary.CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States
Health Secur
No full textUganda's proximity to the tenth Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) presents a high risk of cross-border EVD transmission. Uganda conducted preparedness and risk-mapping activities to strengthen capacity to prevent EVD importation and spread from cross-border transmission. We adapted the World Health Organization (WHO) EVD Consolidated Preparedness Checklist to assess preparedness in 11 International Health Regulations domains at the district level, health facilities, and points of entry; the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Border Health Capacity Discussion Guide to describe public health capacity; and the CDC Population Connectivity Across Borders tool kit to characterize movement and connectivity patterns. We identified 40 ground crossings (13 official, 27 unofficial), 80 health facilities, and more than 500 locations in 12 high-risk districts along the DRC border with increased connectivity to the EVD epicenter. The team also identified routes and congregation hubs, including origins and destinations for cross-border travelers to specified locations. Ten of the 12 districts scored less than 50% on the preparedness assessment. Using these results, Uganda developed a national EVD preparedness and response plan, including tailored interventions to enhance EVD surveillance, laboratory capacity, healthcare professional capacity, provision of supplies to priority locations, building treatment units in strategic locations, and enhancing EVD risk communication. We identified priority interventions to address risk of EVD importation and spread into Uganda. Lessons learned from this process will inform strategies to strengthen public health emergency systems in their response to public health events in similar settings.001/WHO_/World Health OrganizationInternational/CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States
Considerações sobre o processo de alfabetização : uma perspectiva sócio-interaccionista
No full textOrientador: Carlos Alberto FaracoCoorientadora: Maria Dativa de Salles GonçalvesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Parana, Setor de Educação, Curso de Pós-Graduação em EducaçãoInclui referências: p. 108-111Resumo: Este trabalho estuda o processo de alfabetização de crianças a partir das inter-relações de três áreas do conhecimento (psicologia, pedagogia e linguística) e a forma pela qual estas inter-relações se apresentam em diferentes práticas deste processo na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Curitiba. Essa abordagem decorre da compreensão de que os pressupostos teóricos de linguagem e educação, na alfabetização, se justificam e se expressam nas atividades de ensino que o professor realiza, interagindo com seus alunos, na sala de aula. As concepções de linguagem e de educação utilizadas se apoiam, teoricamente nos trabalhos do linguista Valentin N. Voloshinov e do pedagogo Paulo Freire. Os subsídios da área da psicologia, especificamente sobre a aquisição do conhecimento, tem como referencial os trabalhos de L. S. Vygotsky.Abstract: This paper is a study on the teaching of reading and writing in the public school system in Curitiba. The process of teaching children to read and write is studied here in the light of the interrelationship of psychology, pedagogy and linguistics. The author also focuses her attention on the ways these interrelationships appear in different phases of the process. Such an approach derives from the fact that the assumptions regarding language end education - in the process of teaching reading and writing - are justified and expressed by the activities carried out by the teacher as he or she interacts with his or her pupils. The concepts of language and education used in this paper are based on the works of linguist Valentin N. Voloshinov and pedagogue Paulo Freire. Subsidies in the field of psychology - and specifically those regarding children's learning - were collected in the works of L. S. Vygotsky
Characteristics of tuberculosis patients registered for treatment in Kyangwali Refugee Settlement, 2016–2017.
No full textCharacteristics of tuberculosis patients registered for treatment in Kyangwali Refugee Settlement, 2016–2017.</p
Characteristics of patients (N = 254) by treatment outcome.
No full textCharacteristics of patients (N = 254) by treatment outcome.</p
Treatment outcomes among TB patients in Kyangwali Refugee Settlement, 2017–2017.
No full textTreatment outcomes among TB patients in Kyangwali Refugee Settlement, 2017–2017.</p
