211 research outputs found
Sanctioning "future crime": the problem of virtual child pornography
No full textŠtevilne mednarodne konvencije, kot tudi kazenskopravna zakonodaja držav po svetu, definira otroško pornografijo kot gradivo, ki prikazuje mladoletnika (osebo, mlajšo od osemnajst let) med spolnim dejanjem ali pa spolne organe te osebe z nekim spolnim namenom. Definicije med seboj nekoliko variirajo, vendar pa se še večja težava in razlikovanje pojavi pri pojmu virtualne otroške pornografije, ki jo identični pravni viri definirajo v veliki večini kot vsebine, ki prikazujejo mladoletnike (torej osebe mlajše od osemnajst let), ki pa niso resnične, ampak v celoti računalniško ustvarjene. To je vrsta otroške pornografije, ki se nahaja predvsem na spletu, najdemo pa jo tudi v fizični obliki (na primer japonski stripi – mange). Nekatere države sankcionirajo in v celoti prepovedujejo virtualno otroško pornografijo, spet druge jo dovoljujejo in v njej ne vidijo ničesar spornega. V veliki meri pa sankcioniranje te temelji na strahu pred \u27\u27prihodnjim zločinom\u27\u27. Oblasti se bojijo, da bi gledanje takih vsebin, čeprav slednje ne prikazujejo dejanskih otrok in s tem tudi nimamo dejanskih žrtev iz pravnega vidika, kljub temu negativno vplivalo na percepcijo posameznikov in kako ti vidijo otroke. Obstajajo raziskave, ki potrjujejo ta strah in kažejo, da so tisti pedofili, ki so bili izpostavljeni virtualni otroški pornografiji, nato bili motivirani na njeni podlagi, da napadejo in zlorabijo otroke v resničnem svetu, izven računalniškega zaslona. Na drugi strani pa obstajajo povsem nasprotujoče raziskave, ki trdijo, da ne obstaja povezava med tem, kaj nekdo gleda ter tem, kako se bo v prihodnosti obnašal. Vse naj bi bilo po njihovem mnenju odvisno od osebnosti vsakega posameznika, njegovih vrednot, odnosa do prava in tako naprej, ne pa od tega ali gledajo virtualno otroško pornografijo ali ne. Prav to je glavna problematika tega področja. Glede na med seboj nasprotujoče si raziskave, stoji argument strahu na izjemno tankem ledu, kar pomeni, da ne bi smel biti dovolj za sankcioniranje tako širokega pojma, kot je virtualna otroška pornografija, ki lahko obsega številne vsebine, ki morda sploh ne bi smele biti opredeljene kot takšne. Zakonodaje držav po svetu se razlikujejo med seboj glede tega, kaj sploh spada pod virtualno otroško pornografijo, ali naj bi se slednja sankcionirala, ali je sploh družbeno sporna, kako naj bi se jo sankcioniralo za najvišjo raven učinkovitosti in tako naprej. Težko najdemo določen del te problematike, kjer se med seboj strinjajo. To ne velja le za zakonodaje, ampak kot že omenjeno tudi za raziskave na drugih področjih izven pravne stroke, kot je na primer psihologija. Niti tam se ne morejo zediniti glede tega, kakšen vpliv ima gledanje določenih vsebin in izpostavljenost posameznika tem na njegovo vedenje in ali to povečuje možnost protipravnih ravnanj, povezanih s temi vsebinami, v prihodnosti. Vsa nasprotovanja, dileme in še zmeraj nerešena vprašanja nas lahko pripeljejo do zaključka, da dokler nimamo trdnejših dokazov o vplivu virtualne otroške pornografije na pedofile in tudi otroke, nimamo podlage za njeno pravno sankcioniranje.Numerous international conventions, as well as the criminal law of countries around the world, define child pornography as material that depicts a minor (a person under the age of eighteen) engaged in a sexual act or the sexual organs of that person for a sexual purpose. The definitions vary somewhat, but an even greater problem and distinction arises with the concept of virtual child pornography, which identical legal sources define in the vast majority as content that depicts minors (i.e. persons under the age of eighteen) who are not real, but entirely computer-generated. This is a type of child pornography that is found mainly online, but can also be found in physical form (for example, Japanese comics - manga). Some countries sanction and completely prohibit virtual child pornography, while others allow it and see nothing objectionable in it. To a large extent, however, the sanctioning of this is based on the fear of "future crime". The authorities fear that viewing such content, even though it does not depict actual children and therefore does not have any actual victims from a legal perspective, would nevertheless negatively affect individuals\u27 perceptions and how they see children. There is research that confirms this fear and shows that those pedophiles who were exposed to virtual child pornography were then motivated on the basis of it to attack and abuse children in the real world, outside the computer screen. On the other hand, there is completely contradictory research that claims that there is no connection between what someone watches and how they will behave in the future. In their opinion, everything depends on the personality of each individual, their values, attitude towards the law and so on, and not on whether they watch virtual child pornography or not. This is precisely the main problem in this area. Given the conflicting research, the fear argument stands on extremely thin ice, meaning that it should not be enough to sanction such a broad concept as virtual child pornography, which can encompass a wide range of content that perhaps should not be defined as such in the first place. The laws of countries around the world do not differ from each other in terms of what even falls under virtual child pornography, how it should be sanctioned, whether it is socially controversial at all, how it should be sanctioned for the highest level of effectiveness, and so on. It is difficult to find a specific part of this issue where they agree with each other. This applies not only to legislation, but, as already mentioned, also to research in other fields outside the legal profession, such as psychology. Even there, they cannot agree on what impact viewing certain content and an individual\u27s exposure to it has on their behavior and whether this increases the possibility of illegal actions related to this content in the future. All the contradictions, dilemmas, and still unresolved questions can lead us to the conclusion that until we have solid evidence about the impact of virtual child pornography on pedophiles and children, we have no basis for legally sanctioning it
PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF A CAST MODULAR CONNECTOR FOR SEISMIC-RESISTANT STEEL FRAMES.
No full textRights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author
Experiments with non-uniform sediment in case of bed-load transport
No full textAn experimental study was carried out in the framework of a research project concerning the development of a mathematical model for morphological computations in rivers in case of non-uniform sediment. The study consists of a series of laboratory experiments in a straight flume under steady, uniform (equilibrium) conditions with a restriction to bed-load transport and dune regime. The flume was fed upstream by different mixtures of two very narrow sieved size fractions. During one experiment the total amount and composition of the input mixture, the water discharge and the downstream water level were kept constant. When equilibrium was reached besides regular registrations of water and bed level the dunes were extensively sampled. The latter occurred in such a way that vertical probability distributions of the size fractions could be determined. The main results of the experiments are: (i) Vertical sorting of the size fractions occurred in all experiments: at the steep lee side of the dunes the coarse size fraction is generally deposited at a lower level than the fine size fraction. Differences in volume concentration per size fraction until 30% occur between upper and lower layers. (ii) A transition layer was found which is generally below the propagating dunes; it has a relatively coarse composition (vertical sorting:) and has a thickness of 0.1 - 0.5 H (H = average dune height). Exchange of size fractions between this layer and the upper bed layer occurs at a time scale much larger than the dune period. (iii) Because of the phenomena described above several assumptions in a mathematical model for non-uniform sediment (Ribberink, 1980) concerning the transport layer and the deposition/erosion of size fractions to/from non-moving bed are generally not fulfilled. (iv) Data are obtained for the verification and development of semi empirical components in the mathematical model (i.e. transportformula per size fraction, predictors for dune height and bed roughness).The theory of Egiazaroff (1965) concerning the critical bed shear stress per size fraction seems to be useful in a bed-load formula per size fraction of the type of Meyer-Peter & Mueller (1948). (v) A bed sampling technique was developed and suggestions are made concerning the conditions of a non -equilibrium experiment which has the aim to verify the above-mentioned mathematical model for non-uniform sediment.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
the effectiveness of computer-based learning on developing the 4th graders english language achievement in gaza unrwa schools
No full textRecommended from our members
Development of Modular Connectors for Seismic Resistant Steel Frames
No full textA SISTEM KEAMANAN ROMBONG MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR PIR DAN SENSOR SW-420 DENGAN OUTPUT MODUL GSM SIM800L V2 DI TERMINAL SUMER PAYUNG
No full textThe security system is a key factor in protecting a person's property from criminal acts, for example theft, the use of the security system for the Sumer Payung Terminal UMKM rombong is one of the implementations of a security system to protect the goods sold and property in the rombong, using a PIR sensor which functions to detecting movement in front of the house, the SW-420 sensor or vibration sensor functions to detect vibrations in the house, and the GSM SIM800L V2 module functions to send an SMS to the house owner that an act of theft has occurred. at the testing stage of this security system, the results were in accordance with what was planned, including the results of testing the PIR sensor 5 times, getting results at a distance of 3cm - 1 m, the PIR sensor could detect movement, while at a distance of 1.5 m - 2 m, the PIR sensor could not. can detect movement, the SW-420 sensor in this test took 3 vibration samples, namely vibration using hands, vibration using wood, and vibration using iron. The results were that the SW-420 sensor could detect vibrations from these 3 samples. The results of the rombong security system test works as desiredSistem keamanan merupakan faktor kunci dalam melindungi harta benda seseorang dari tindak kriminalitas contohnya pencurian, penggunaan sistem keamanan ini di sarankan untuk meningkatkan keamanan suatu tempat usaha. Sistem keamanan rombong UMKM Terminal Sumer Payung ini adalah salah satu implementasi sistem keamanan untuk melindungi barang jualan maupun harta benda yang berada di dalam rombong, menggunakan sensor PIR Passive Infrared Receiver (PIR) yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi adanya pergerakan di depan rombong . sensor SW-420 atau sensor getar ini berfungsi untuk mendeteksi adanya getaran di rombong , dan Modul GSM SIM800L V2 berfungsi untuk mengirimkan SMS ke pemilik rombong bahwa telah terjadi tindak pencurian. Pada tahap pengujian sistem keamanan ini mendapatkan hasil sesuai dengan yang di rencanakan meliputi hasil pengujian sensor PIR Passive Infrared Receiver (PIR) sebanyak 5 kali percobaan mendapatkan hasil pada jarak 3 cm - 1 m sensor PIR dapat mendeteksi adanya gerakan , sedangkan pada jarak 1,5 meter – 2 meter sensor PIR tidak dapat mendeteksi adanya gerakan, sensor SW-420 pada pengujian kali mengambil 3 sampel getaran yaitu getaran menggunakan tangan , getaran menggunakan kayu dan getaran menggunakan besi mendapatkan hasil bahwa sensor SW-420 dapat mendeteksi adanya getaran dari 3 sampel tersebut. Hasil pengujian sistem keamanan rombong bekerja sesuai dengan keinginan
Türk rekabet hukukunda ayrımcılık suretiyle hakim durumun kötüye kullanılması
No full textTÜRK REKABET HUKUKUNDA AYRIMCILIK SURETİYLE HAKİM DURUMUN KÖTÜYE KULLANILMASI Günümüzde Türkiye gibi serbest piyasa ekonomisinin benimsendiği tüm ülkelerde rekabet hukukunun gerekliliği açık bir şekilde ortaya konmaktadır. Rekabet hukuku, serbest ve sağlıklı bir rekabet ortamının kurulması ve korunmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu amacın yerine getirilmesindeki araçlardan birisi de kötüye kullanmaların yasaklanmasıdır. Mehaz AB ve Türk rekabet hukukunda hakim durumun kötüye kullanılmasını yasaklayan hükümlerde (ABİA m.102; RKHK m.6), kötüye kullanmalara ilişkin bazı örnekler sayılmaktadır. Hakim durumdaki teşebbüsün alıcılarına ayrımcılık yapması hali (ABİA m.102/ 2-c; RKHK m.6/ 2-b), bu örneklerden birisidir. Ayrımcılık, rekabet hukukunun en karmaşık, aynı zamanda, en fazla inceleme konusu yapılan konularından birisidir. Bu nedenlerden birincisi, ayrımcılığın, alıcılar nezdinde rekabet koşulları açısından farklılık yaratan çok sayıda kötüye kullanmaları kapsamasıdır. İkincisi, ayrımcı uygulamaların, refah üzerindeki etkilerinin belirsiz olmasıdır. Üçüncüsü ise, ayrımcılık hükmünün, yeterince açık olmamasıdır. Dolayısıyla kafa karışıklığının giderilmesine yardımcı olacak, ayrımcı nitelikteki kötüye kullanmaları içeren bir kılavuzun çıkması ivedilik arz etmektedir. Ayrımcılığın daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak amacıyla hazırlanan tezimizde; öğreti görüşleri, rekabet otoriteleri ve mahkeme kararlarından yararlanılarak, öncelikle rekabet hukuku kavramı, teşebbüs olma, hakim durum, kötüye kullanma ve sınıfları (dışlayıcı/ sömürücü/ ayrımcı), genel olarak ayrımcılık ve ayrımcılık türleri ve de ayrımcılığın hukuki sonuçları ele alınmıştır. Özellikle ayrımcılık kavramının tanımı ve unsurlarına yer verilerek, ilgililere kolaylık sağlayacak şekilde, kavramın sınırlarının ve içeriğinin belirlenmesine çalışılmış ve bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Rekabet Hukuku, Kötüye Kullanma, Ayrımcılık, Hukuki SonuçlarTHE ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION BY DISCRIMINATING IN TURKISH COMPETITION LAW Today, the requirement of competition law in all countries where have been adopted of free market economies, such as Turkey are set out clearly. Competition law aims to establish a free and healthy competition and conserve it. One of the instrument regarding the fulfillment of this goal is the prohibition of abuse of dominant position. Referenced EU and Turkish competition law provisions prohibiting the abuse of dominant position (TFEU Art.102; Turkish Com. C. Art.6), are expressed some examples of abuse. The Dominant undertaking that discriminates between its purchasers (TFEU Art.102/ 2 (c); Turkish Com. C. Art.6/ 2 (b)), is one such example. Discrimination, a complex area of competition law, but also is one of most controversial issue in decisional law. The first of these reasons, this provision is been tried to aply to a large number of discriminatory abuses. Secondly the welfare effects of discrimination is ambiguous. Third, the provision that regulates discrimination, is not clear enough. Therefore a guidance that is on discriminatory practises by dominant undertakings has been urgently published by competition authorities. At our thesis prepared to provide a better understanding of discrimination; benefiting from scholar views, competition authorities and courts’ decisions, primarily the concept of competition law, undertaking, dominant position, abuse and its classification (exclusive/ exploitative/ discriminatory), generally discrimination and its forms and the legal results of discrimination. Especially examined to definition and elements of the concept of discrimination, it is tried to determine the limits of concept and content, and expressed opinions for simplifing matter in practice. Competition Law, Abuse of Dominant Position, Discrimination, Legal Result
Prediction of Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Castration Resistance in Primary Metastatic Prostate Cancer
No full textPurpose: We tried to establish the predictive factors influencing the initial response, as well as its duration, and time to castration resistance (CR) for primary advanced prostate cancer (PC) with bone metastasis. Methods: We evaluated all patients initially receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for primary advanced PC with bone metastasis. A total of 982 patients with complete medical records available for analysis from 18 centers were included in this study. Age, initial PSA, Gleason score (GS) and extent of bone involvement (EBI) were recorded in a database. Results: Among all the patients, 896 (91.2%) responded to ADT initially. Pretreatment PSA and EBI were significant predictors in the multivariate model. Among the 659 patients who progressed into a CR state, the mean duration of response was 22.4 months. There was a significant correlation between the CR state and nadir PSA (nPSA) level and time to nPSA. Pretreatment PSA, EBI, GS, highest tumor volume in biopsy cores (%), number of positive biopsy cores, percent positive biopsy cores and time to nPSA were proven to be significant to predict a nPSA. Pretreatment PSA, GS and EBI were statistically significant predictors of PSA normalization in multivariate analysis. The limitation of the study depends on the retrospective design and a model was developed for low standardization as a result of using multicenter data. The patients enrolled in this study were from a relatively long period of time (1989-2008). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that it is possible to predict the initial response to ADT by pretreatment PSA levels and EBI, while the duration of response can be reflected by a multitude of clinical factors including nPSA, TTnPSA, percent positive cores, biopsy GS and EBI. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base
A Comparison of the Elastic Constants of Chromium as Determined from Diffuse X-Ray and Ultrasonic Techniques
No full text- …
