503 research outputs found
Part of speech (POS) tagging in Roman Urdu: datasets and models
No full textRoman Urdu is a prevalent medium of expression on social media, news websites, and text messages in the subcontinent, making it a valuable data source for social media and text analytics, particularly in the Indo-Pak perspective. However, despite the immense potential, limited efforts have been made in the area of Roman Urdu text analytics due to various complexities, such as a lack of a standard lexicon, the informal nature of the text, and the lack of text processing tools. The development of the Roman Urdu Part-of-Speech (POS) dataset and the implementation of a robust tagger hold immense importance for text analytics in Roman Urdu. In this work, we created a comprehensive, large-scale Roman Urdu POS dataset and developed a Roman Urdu POS tagger, laying the foundation for future advancements in advanced text analysis. Our approach involved the utilization of Hidden Markov Models, Neural Networks, state-of-the-art transformer models, and Large Language Models as baselines. In our work, we curated two distinct test datasets: one with lexical variation and the other without such variation. This approach allowed us to test the model’s robustness in handling different linguistic challenges posed by lexical variations. Our tagger yields high-quality output with an accuracy score of 96% without lexical variation and 86% on test data with lexical variations. We also evaluated state-of-the-art Large Language Models (GPT-4o and Llama-3-8B) in zero-shot and few-shot settings, with GPT-4o achieving up to 53.78% accuracy in the few-shot configuration, demonstrating a substantial performance gap compared to specialized models. This work establishes a comprehensive framework for Roman Urdu POS tagging that effectively addresses lexical variation challenges, providing essential resources and benchmarks for advancing Roman Urdu natural language processing research
al-Fikr al-siyasi al-Islami 'inda Hamid Rabi' (1925M-1989M) = Islamic political thought of Hamed Rabee (1925-1989 A.D.) / Sohaib Ali Jassim
No full textThis research aims at crystallizing and presenting the concepts of Islamic Political Thought of Hamed Rabee (1925-1989). He was an expert of political thought from Egypt. Amongst his philosophy is to revive the Islamic Political Inheritance or heritage (Turath) and his effort to reach to contemporary political theories that can help Islamic Ummah answers the many problems and questions facing Muslims around the world. This research depends mainly on the writings of Hamed Rabee and what is found about him. The research methodology is mainly library research with the descriptive analysis and the verification of the text. As the literature of the study was scattered in many books and articles of Hamed Rabee, The researcher intended to restructure Hamed Rabee's political thoughts
and present them in the main text separated from any analysis or comparisons which were written mainly in the footnotes. The research consists of introduction, four
chapters and research findings. It began with the life history of Hamed Rabee and his most important writings; which were classified according to different fields that show the encyclopedic knowledge of Rabee, which is reflected also in his integrative methodology of setting political theory in the light of different Islamic and social sciences. One of the main legacies of Rabee was paving the way for the establishment of a school of contemporary Islamic political thoughts and theories in Egypt. The research dealt also with his views on the Islamic Political heritage and its importance to political realities of the Ummah today; defining the reasons for the neglect of this aspect of Islamic legacy and the obstacles to the efforts to revive Islamic political inheritance.
Rabee has also categorized the resources which students, political scientists and Muslim politician could refer to in their research or political life especially those who actively participate in any democratic process. The final chapter presents what Rabee refers to as the main pillars for formulating of Islamic Political Theory such as: political justice, moderation and reconciliation, the social nature of the Islamic political thought, the relation between thoughts, movements and real politics in the Islamic history and traditions, the Dawaah responsibility toward humanity. The research goes through twelve introductory principles and theoretical steps Rabee has come with from Islamic original resources and the practices of different Islamic systems throughout our history, that establish the bases for an applicable Islamic political theory. The research arrives in the end at what Hamed Rabee considers as characteristics or elements of the ideal model that he thinks should be implemented by Islamic government or Islamic System, which consist of: khilafah Concept, religious supremacy, unity of Muslim Ummah, Shuraa, implementing of Shariah as the internal legal system, justice, respecting human dignity and rejecting any form of discrimination, separation of centers of power and influence in the political structure, Jihad and the distinct foreign policy of the Islamic state, dominance of moral values and practices in all aspects of life, and finally religious legitimacy of the political system based on achieving the civilizational functions and responsibilities of the state
Dr. Hasan Sohaib Murad Memorial Lecture
No full textSyed Qaim Ali Shah sb, Prof, Nisar Ahmed Siddiqui, distinguished guests particularly foreign delegates, it is always a great pleasure to be here in Sukkur and Sukkur IBA and I have followed the great interest the transformation of Sukkur IBA from scratch to what it is today. And I want to congratulate Professor Nisar Siddiqui and his team for the wonderful work they have done, and I hope that they would continue to make a difference in the lives of the students of the rural areas of Sindh who have been not a beneficiary of the best education in this part of the world. So, My Congratulations. I am also very sad that one of the major pioneers of Business Education in this country left us at the very young age; Dr. Hasan Sohaib Murad not only like Nisar created one of the finest universities in private sector by dint of hard work and his focused attention on building a very fine institution; UMT owns everything to one single individual which is Hasan Sohaib Murad. But he was not only concerned with the one particular university. He was very much interested in doing things for business education as a whole. So, he was one of the founders of the Association of Management Development Institutions in Pakistan, and he and I exchanged a lot of notes as to how we can revive the AMDIP as a forum for intellectual contributions of our researchers and also benefit our students in the latest trends in the management education. And, he also persuaded the Higher Education Commission to create the National Business Education Accreditation Council which under his leadership was trying to evaluate the standards of business education in this country. He was the first president of that, and I am very glad that my friend Farrukh Iqbal has taken over from him. And I am sure this council will continue to make its best efforts to create the environment for the growth and improvement of business education in this country
sj-pdf-1-dos-10.1177_15593258221108280 – Supplemental Material for In-silico Studies Calculated a New Chitin Oligomer Binding Site Inside Vicilin: A Potent Antifungal and Insecticidal Agent
No full textSupplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-dos-10.1177_15593258221108280 for In-silico Studies Calculated a New Chitin Oligomer Binding Site Inside Vicilin: A Potent Antifungal and Insecticidal Agent by Ahsan Saeed, Zahra Rafiq, Muhammad Imran, Qamar Saeed, Muhammad Q. Saeed, Zahid Ali, Rana K. Iqbal, Saber Hussain, Binish Khaliq, Sohaib Mehmood and Ahmed Akrem in Dose-Response</p
Social Transformation of Pakistan under Assassination of the First Prime Minister of Pakistan: Liaquat Ali Khan
No full textThe First Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan was the most influential person in initial days of Pakistan after the death of the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah on 11thSeptember 1948. Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated on 16thOctober 1951 at Rawalpindi while addressing a public rally. The assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan led Pakistan’s democratic journey into non-democratic Governments which become the biggest hurdle in building Pakistan and empowerment of the people of Pakistan. This paper finds out reasons of his assassination, consequences of his assassination and lays down suggestions to be followed to achieve mission and vision of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan prescribed in Objectives Resolution passed by the first constituent assembly of Pakistan on 12thMarch 1949 under the leadership of the First Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan
Neurobiological After-Effects of Low Intensity Transcranial Electric Stimulation of the Human Nervous System: From Basic Mechanisms to Metaplasticity
No full textNon-invasive low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) of the brain is an evolving field that has brought remarkable attention in the past few decades for its ability to directly modulate specific brain functions. Neurobiological after-effects of tES seems to be related to changes in neuronal and synaptic excitability and plasticity, however mechanisms are still far from being elucidated. We aim to review recent results from in vitro and in vivo studies that highlight molecular and cellular mechanisms of transcranial direct (tDCS) and alternating (tACS) current stimulation. Changes in membrane potential and neural synchronization explain the ongoing and short-lasting effects of tES, while changes induced in existing proteins and new protein synthesis is required for long-lasting plastic changes (LTP/LTD). Glial cells, for decades supporting elements, are now considered constitutive part of the synapse and might contribute to the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. This review brings into focus the neurobiological mechanisms and after-effects of tDCS and tACS from in vitro and in vivo studies, in both animals and humans, highlighting possible pathways for the development of targeted therapeutic applications
Peripheral and central neurobiological effects of botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) in neuropathic pain: a systematic review
No full text: Botulinum toxin (BoNT), a presynaptic inhibitor of acetylcholine (Ach) release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), is a successful and safe drug for the treatment of several neurological disorders. However, a wide and recent literature review has demonstrated that BoNT exerts its effects not only at the "periphery" but also within the central nervous system (CNS). Studies from animal models, in fact, have shown a retrograde transport to the CNS, thus modulating synaptic function. The increasing number of articles reporting efficacy of BoNT on chronic neuropathic pain (CNP), a complex disease of the CNS, demonstrates that the central mechanisms of BoNT are far from being completely elucidated. In this new light, BoNT might interfere with the activity of spinal, brain stem, and cortical circuitry, modulating excitability and the functional organization of CNS in healthy conditions. Botulinum toxins efficacy on CNP is the result of a wide and complex action on many and diverse mechanisms at the basis of the maladaptive plasticity, the core of the pathogenesis of CNP. This systematic review aims to discuss in detail the BoNT's mechanisms and effects on peripheral and central neuroplasticity, at the basis for the clinical efficacy in CNP syndromes
Social Transformation of Pakistan under the Speech of Muhammad Ali Jinnah on 11th August 1947
No full textMuhammad Ali Jinnah is the founder of Pakistan, delivered his first speech as Governor General of Pakistan in first session of the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August 1947. The speech has divided Pakistani society into 2 groups (i) first group advocates secularism in Pakistan, as (ii) second group emphasis that Pakistan is an Islamic State outcome of the struggle of Muslims of British India therefore there is no space of secularism in Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah stated that every individual living in Pakistan is the citizen of Pakistan without discrimination as to cast, color, creed, and community. If we look back to first Islamic State founded by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ it is clearly held that Muslims and Jews of the first Islamic State were declared as equal citizens and one community without discrimination under clause 30 of the Constitution of Madinah (Misaq e Madinah), therefore Islamic State does not mean discrimination based on religion as all citizens have equal rights before law without discrimination as to cast, color, creed and community
Inhibition of plasminogen/plasmin system retrieves endogenous nerve growth factor and adaptive spinal synaptic plasticity following peripheral nerve injury
No full textDysfunctions of the neuronal-glial crosstalk and/or impaired signaling of neurotrophic factors represent key features of the maladaptive changes in the central nervous system (CNS) in neuroinflammatory as neurodegenerative disorders. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasminogen (PA)/plasmin system has been involved in either process of maturation and degradation of nerve growth factor (NGF), highlighting multiple potential targets for new therapeutic strategies. We here investigated the role of intrathecal (i.t.) delivery of neuroserpin (NS), an endogenous inhibitor of plasminogen activators, on neuropathic behavior and maladaptive synaptic plasticity in the rat spinal cord following spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve. We demonstrated that SNI reduced spinal NGF expression, induced spinal reactive gliosis, altering the expression of glial and neuronal glutamate and GABA transporters, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and is associated to neuropathic behavior. Beside the increase of NGF expression, i.t. NS administration reduced reactive gliosis, restored synaptic homeostasis, GSH levels and reduced neuropathic behavior. Our results hereby highlight the essential role of tPA/PA system in the synaptic homeostasis and mechanisms of maladaptive plasticity, sustaining the beneficial effects of NGF-based approach in neurological disorders
Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Personalized Therapeutic Approach for Crohn’s and Other Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
No full textInflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are incurable autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. There is increasing evidence that inappropriate interaction between the enteric nervous system and central nervous system and/or low activity of the vagus nerve, which connects the enteric and central nervous systems, could play a crucial role in their pathogenesis. Therefore, it has been suggested that appropriate neuroprosthetic stimulation of the vagus nerve could lead to the modulation of the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and consequent long-term control of these autoimmune diseases. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of (1) the cellular and molecular bases of the immune system, (2) the way central and enteric nervous systems interact and contribute to the immune responses, (3) the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel disease, and (4) the therapeutic use of vagus nerve stimulation, and in particular, the transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Then, we expose the working hypotheses for the modulation of the molecular processes that are responsible for intestinal inflammation in autoimmune diseases and the way we could develop personalized neuroprosthetic therapeutic devices and procedures in favor of the patients
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