848 research outputs found
Enhancing spectrum sensing efficiency in multi-channel cognitive device-to-device networks: Medium Access Control layer strategies and analysis
No full textThe detection and characterisation of electromagnetic signals within a specific frequency range, known as spectrum sensing, plays a crucial role in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). The CRNs aim to adapt their communication parameters to the surrounding radio environment, thereby improving the efficiency and utilisation of the available radio spectrum. Spectrum sensing is particularly important in device-to-device (D2D) communication when operating independently of the cellular network infrastructure. The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol coordinates device communication and ensures interference-free operation of the CRN coexisting with the primary cellular network. A spectrum sensing strategy at the MAC layer for cognitive D2D communication. The strategy focuses on reducing the overall sensing period allocated at the MAC layer by having each Cognitive D2D User (cD2DU) sense a smaller subset of available channels while maintaining the same sensing time for cellular user detection at the physical layer. To achieve this, the concept of concurrent groups of D2D devices is introduced in proximity, which are formed by using unique IDs of cD2DUs during the device discovery stage. Each concurrent group senses a specific portion of the cellular user band in a shorter time, resulting in a reduced overall sensing period. In addition to mitigating traffic congestion through data diversion from the cellular network, the proposed strategy facilitates the concurrent sensing of multiple channels by cD2DUs within the underutilised cellular user band. This leads to extended data transmission periods, increased network throughput, and effective offloading of the cellular network. The effectiveness of the proposed work is evaluated by considering factors, such as network throughput and transmission time. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the approach in improving spectrum utilisation and communication efficiency in multi-channel Cognitive D2D Networks (cD2DNs)
Free-standing carbon nanotubes as non-metal electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in water splitting
No full textOxygen evolution reaction (OER) has significant impact on the overall electrochemical water splitting. We introduce, for the first time, a facile approach towards the fabrication of versatile electrode composed of free-standing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as electrocatalyst for the water splitting reaction. Directly extracted MWCNTs as sheets from vertically grown arrays transferred over the glass substrate, are used without any post treatment as a working electrode for OER. Onset potential of 1.60 V was achieved for MWCNTs which is significantly reduced as compared to platinum based metal electrode (1.72 V) with excellent current density. No surface modification, metal-free nature, flexibility and low cost with excellent catalytic activity proved this material as a promising candidate for the replacement of metal based electrodes in electrochemical water splitting. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Bellek içi analog hesaplama kullanarak kablosuz iletişim uygulamaları için öğrenme ve çıkarım
No full textCataloged from PDF version of article.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-82).The exponential growth of wireless communication technologies has created a crucial need for more efficient and intelligent signal processing in decentralized devices and systems. Traditional digital computing architectures increasingly struggle to meet these rising computational demands, leading to performance bottlenecks and energy inefficiencies. The problem becomes more significant on edge devices with limited computing capabilities and severe energy limitations. Integrating machine learning algorithms with in-memory analog computing, specifically memristor-based architectures, provides a non-traditional computing paradigm and can potentially enhance the energy efficiency of edge devices. By leveraging the properties of memristors, which can perform both storage and computation, this research investigates ways to potentially reduce latency and power consumption in signal-processing tasks for wireless communications. This study examines memristor-based analog computing for deep learning and inference in three areas of (wireless) communications: cellular network traffic prediction, multi-sensor over-the-air inference for internet-of-things devices, and neural successive cancellation decoding for polar codes. The research includes the development of robust training techniques for memristive neural networks to cater for degraded performance due to noise in analog computations and offer acceptable prediction accuracy with reduced computational overhead for network traffic management. It explores in-memory computing for an Lp-norm inspired sensor fusion method with analog sensors and enables more efficient multi-sensor data fusion. Also, it investigates the incorporation of analog memristive computing in neural successive cancellation decoders for polar codes, which could lead to more energy-efficient decoding algorithms. The findings of the thesis suggest potential improvements in energy efficiency and provide insights into the benefits and limitations of using in-memory computing for wireless communication applications.by Muhammad Atif Al
Metal chalcogenide based photocatalysts decorated with heteroatom doped reduced graphene oxide for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production
No full textHeteroatom (N, B and P) doped reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-metal chalcogenide nanocomposites (RGO-Cd0.60Zn0.40S) were prepared by the solvothermal method, and then they were characterized with X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence techniques. Doping of RGO with heteroatoms of N, B and P increased charge-transfer capability of nanocomposites and thus, improved both photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production activities of them. N-doped RGO-Cd0.60Zn0.40S photocatalyst exhibited the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production rate (1114 mu molh(-1) g(-1)) in photocatalytic (PC) system amongst other and it was 1.5 times higher than that of RGO-Cd0.60Zn0.40S photocatalyst. Having a current density of 0.92 mAcm(-2), photoelectrochemical hydrogen production activity of N-RGO-Cd0.60Zn0.40S electrode was found to be 3 times higher than RGO-Cd0.60Zn0.40S photoelectrode without any applied bias potential under visible light irradiation in photoelectrochemical system. In general, these results clearly showed that heteroatom doping of RGO led to promising materials for renewable hydrogen production in the photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical systems. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Solar-hydrogen production with reduced graphene oxide supported CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts
No full textReduced graphene oxide (RGO)/CdxZn(1-x)S composites were firstly synthesized by thermal sulfurization method in one pot with elemental sulfur as sulfur source. By using one pot synthesis, CdxZn(1-x)S particles were decorated on the RGO sheets during sulfurization of Cd2+ and Zn2+ precursors. This synthesis method eased the control of the particle sizes of CdxZn(1-x)S by providing homogenous decoration of RGO with CdxZn(1-x)S particles and increased the strength between RGO sheet and CdxZn(1-x)S particles, which enhanced charge carrier mobility rate. Here, RGO in the composite structure supplied high electron conductivity, high adsorption capacity and extended light absorption ability. Thus, prepared RGO/CdxZn(1-x)S composites enhanced the photocatalytic activity. The crystal systems, lattice parameters, band gaps and surface morphologies of all photocatalysts are characterized to determine the factors that affected the photocatalytic activities of the composites. After that, the photocatalytic activities of prepared photocatalysts were tested by measuring H-2 evolution rates. Among the composites, RGO/Cd0.7Zn0.3S structure possessed the highest H-2 production rate (141.6 mu molh(-1)) and apparent quantum efficiency (19.4%). (C) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Intoxication and self-defence : a comparative study of principles of English law and Shari'ah
No full textThe study is based upon an analysis of the general principles of criminal liability in English law and Shari 'ah. It is hoped that it may provide a valid basis for discussion of the future development of criminal law.
The relationship between law and society is an organic one and this relationship in Shari'ah is based on revelatory text of precepts, law, and admonitions. Shari'ah is an
essential part of faith of every Muslim; a sound knowledge of its principles not only gives him a sense of inner fulfilment but enables him to order his life according to the dictates of his religion. On the other hand, in English law, religious beliefs and private morality might be viewed as not a matter for law. Religion is in that context generally conceived as a spiritual sphere of supra-human connotation distinct from law, which is basically a secular concern.
Both the systems of law under consideration are different in their sources and nature. English law, being a positive law, finds its source in legislation and other recognised
sources. Shari 'ah is a divine ordinance imposed upon people without having a freedom of choice and it has its roots in its primary sources, the Holy Qur'an, and the Sunnah.
However, the revelatory nature of Shari'ah does not render it entirely inflexible and immutable. The finality of authoritative legal texts is confined only to a limited number of injunctions in the primary sources. The secondary sources provide flexibility to meet the changing requirements of society. A legal system should strike a fair balance between flexibility and inflexibility of legal rules. A very flexible system of law may lead to inconsistencies, illogicalities and at the same time may be subject to abuse by judges while a rigid system, which leaves no room for judicial discretion is likely to
lead to injustice in certain cases. It is submitted that the very flexible nature of English law has left it full of inconsistencies and illogicalities, despite the appropriate use of judicial discretion.
The research offers a general view of modern thinking about the theoretical foundations and methodology of Shari'ah Shari 'ah recognises a variety of sources and methods from which a rule of law might be derived. Part-I of the thesis discusses the evolving principles of Islamic jurisprudence from their rudimentary sources. The specific relationship between socio-religious reality and the production of theoretical legal discourse is illustrated in Part-11 and III while dealing with the problem of intoxication
and private defence in society. It suggests that Shari'ah provides a framework in which the complex and sometimes competing needs of an individual and society can be fairly
apportioned.
The research will demonstrate that there is a well developed system of criminal law in Shari'ah that can be compared with the most developed and civilised criminal law of the contemporary world, for example, English criminal law. In order to compare the compatibility of both the legal systems, the approaches of both towards the problems of intoxication and self-defence have been taken as a parameter. Though Shari 'ah provisions seem to be predominantly prescriptive as compared to English criminal law, the comparison will show that it can provide practical solutions to problems faced by human society of any age. Shari 'ah being a revealed law is proactive in its nature. It takes action to cause changes and not only react to a change when it happens. This particular feature can be felt while dealing with the problem of intoxication. English
criminal law, on the other hand, being a positive law bears the characteristics of a reactive law. It reacts to events or changes rather than acting first to cause change or
prevent something. Another major difference between the two legal systems might be that English criminal law has passed through many evolutionary phases and reached at the present stage through the efforts of the political power and the state; whereas, Muslim states and governments throughout the centuries neither had a hand in the development of Islamic jurisprudence nor in the training and certification of jurists or jurisconsults whose task it was to formulate the law.
History suggests that using the combined forces of religion, morality and law Shari'ah has effectively eradicated social evils and created a peaceful environment for human coexistence, where every one can enjoy his rights without a fear of infringement by the others. In cases of infringement of such rights, the offender shall be liable to severe punishments. The principles of criminal liability are on a par with the corresponding principles of the English criminal law. While protecting the rights of the victim of the crime, Shari'ah does not ignore the rights of the offender for fair trail, impartial justice and liability for punishment proportional to the offence committed by him. At the same time it recognises excuse and justification defences under appropriate circumstances, as
it will be evident while comparing the defences of intoxication and self-defence with the same in English criminal law.
The study reveals that there are similarities and differences between English law and Shari'ah when considering the issue of crime and criminal liability. However, this may be considered as normal phenomenon of comparing any two different legal systems. The differences can be attributed to their sources, origin, history and nature of the social values to be protected. Similarities can be ascribed to zeal for social justice and stability.
The study of differences and similarities will provide an opportunity to illuminate our understanding of law and the process of its development. As both the systems have their
own methodology to tackle legal issues, a different approach to the similar problem will provide a fresh insight leading to revitalised solutions. It will also be helpful to understand the methodology and the legal reasoning of both the systems leading towards a better understanding of law in general and at the same time providing efficient means for improvement
Cyberbullying Detection and Abuser Profile Identification on Social Media for Roman Urdu
No full textIn today’s digital era, the escalating phenomenon of cyberbullying is a pervasive and growing concern. With the increasing prevalence of social media platforms, such as Twitter, online abusive behavior has become a significant issue that often leads to unpleasant experiences for users. Manual detection of abnormal and bullying behavior within the realm of social media is inherently not scalable. Moreover, most existing studies on cyberbullying detection have been predominantly conducted in English and very limited work has been done on Urdu (a widely used language in Asia). This paper presents an approach for detecting cyberbullying in Roman Urdu tweets and identifying abuser profiles on Twitter. Firstly, we develop a text corpus of Roman Urdu tweets with user profile data. Subsequently, we employ Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model coupled with the application of word2vec technique for word embedding to develop a cyberbullying detection model. Furthermore, we present temporal abusive tweet probability analysis method to provide a nuanced analysis of the number of bullying and non-bullying tweets sent by individuals within a specific time interval. To evaluate the performance, we compare the GRU-based approach with other machine learning models. The results show that the GRU model with lexical normalization gives the best results with an accuracy of 97% and F1-measure of 97%
Mysticism and ethics in Islam
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.Standardized name for editor Bilal Orfali from the Library of Congress is: Urfahʹlī, Bilāl http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2010019407The relationship between Sufism or Islamic mysticism and ethics is largely untilled land. Mysticism and Ethics in Islam attempts to survey this fertile area of investigation by attempting to come to a clearer idea of what is meant by the terms “ethics” and “mysticism,” both in relation to each other and to Islam. The articles in this volume do not have an eye so much on defining what mysticism and ethics in Islamic civilization are per se, as much as on coming to terms with the parameters and boundaries within which they have historically been conceptualized. As such, the book falls into four clearly demarcated time periods and foci: early, classical, late pre-modern, and modern and contemporary. Taken as a whole, this collection of contributions by leading specialists in their fields offer rich insights into some of the most important articulations of Sufi ethics to have animated the tradition, from past to present, in such geographically diverse regions and countries as Egypt, India, West Africa, Iran, Turkey, Russia, Central Asia, and China.Editors' introduction -- I. EARLY PERIOD -- Aḥlām al-mutaṣṣawwifah wa-atharuhā ʻalá ʻilm al-taʻbīr al-Islāmī, fī al-qarnayn al-rābiʻ wa-al-khāmis lil-hijrah / Lina Jammal -- To grieve or not to grieve? The ambivalence of Ḥuzn in early Islam / Riccardo Paredi -- The treasurers of God : Abū Saʻīd Al-Kharrāz and the ethics of wealth in early Sufism / John Zaleski -- On patience (Ṣabr) in Sufi virtue ethics / Atif Khalil -- Min naqd al-taṣawwuf ilá iṣlāḥ al-akhlāq : al-kashf ʻan aʻmāl Shams al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Malik al-Dulaymī (t. 593 H/ 1197M) / Khaled Abdo -- Does Al-Ghazālī have a theory of virtue? / Sophia Vasalou -- II. CLASSICAL PERIOD -- Theo-Fānī : ʻAyn Al-Quḍāt and the fire of love / Mohammed Rustom -- Marātib Al-Taqwā : Saʻīd Al-Dīn Farghānī on the ontology of ethics / William Chittick -- Transcending character and the quest for union : the place of union (al-jamʿ) in commentaries on Anṣārī's Waystations / Cyrus Zargar -- Seeing is believing : Sufi vision and the formation of the ethical subject / Richard McGregor -- Disciplining the soul, freeing the mind : spiritual practice (al-riyāḍa) in Fakhr Al-Dīn Al-Rāzī's Sharḥ Al-Ishārāt Wa-l-Tanbīhāt / Nora Jacobsen Ben Hammed -- al-Nasaq al-maʻrifī li-iʻādat intāj al-mafāhīm al-akhlāqīyah ʻinda al-Ṣūfīyah > namūdhajan / Chafika Ouail -- ʻAḍud Al-Dīn Ījī's ethics : a translation of Al-Akhlāq Al-ʻAḍudiyya and some notes on its commentaries / Feryal Salem -- III. LATE PRE-MODERN PERIOD -- ʻAbd Al-Wahhāb Al-Shaʻrānī's Laṭāʼif Al-Minan and the virtue of sincere immodesty / Matthew Ingalls -- Finding new life among the dead : the ethical mysticism of The Book of Pure Gold / Paul Heck -- Sufism and ethics in the works of Shāh Walī Allāh / Marcia Hermansen -- "Dogs have left you in the dust!" Mockery in Panjabi Sufi poetry / Syed Rizwan Zamir -- Churning nectar on the path of Muhammad : of ethical imaginaries in Kashmiri Sufi poetry / Peter Dziedzic -- The Chinese classics in the light of Ibn Al-ʻArabī's Metaphysics -- IV. MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY PERIODS -- Sufism and ethics in Central Asia : Ṣūfī Allāhyār's Thabāt Al-ʻĀjizīn and its legacy / Alexandre Papas -- Sufism, ethics, and the Muslim modernist project / Ahmed El Shamsy -- Sufism and modern Muslim ethics in 14th/20th century Russian Islamic thought / Leila Almazova -- A Nietzschean mystic : Muhammad Iqbal on the ethics of selfhood / Muhammad Faruque -- The transcendent ethics of Tarbiya : Ibrahim Niasse's Maqāmāt Al-Dīn al-Thalāth / Oludamini Ogunnaike -- Becoming what one is : liberative knowledge and human perfection in the writing of Seyyed Hossein Nasr -- Author biographies
Travelogue "Butterfly Rays and Tornadoes" Intellectual Review
No full textTravel is part of human nature. He wants to get acquainted with the culture and way of life of
the place where he is traveling. The First travelogue is “Ajaibat e Farang” the author of which
is Yousaf Hussain Kambal posh. After him Sir Syed Ahmed khan, Allama Shibli Noumani and
Muhammad Hussain Azad also wrote travelogues. The twinth century remained popolur
because of travel. Travelogues of Shafiq ur Rehman, Ibn e Insha and Begum Akhtar Riaz ud
Din came to light during this period. Women travelogues Sheen Farukh, Bushra Rehman and
Parveen Atif. Parveen Atif wrote two Urdu travelogues “Kiran Titli Or Bagoly” and “Taper
Wasni”.Her travelogues are beautiful gift in intellectual terms.
 
State-Level Culture and Workplace Diversity Policies: Evidence from US Firms
No full textThis paper examines the effect of state-level culture in the US on the adoption of firms’ workplace diversity policies. Using firm-level panel data (1592 firm-year observations) over the period 2011–2014, we document that firms in highly individualistic states are less likely to adopt workplace diversity policies, which in turn negatively affects firm performance. Our results are robust to alternative variables and econometric specifications. Our findings provide insights into the contemporary debate on the economic aspects of workplace diversity policies for firms operating in different cultural backgrounds
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