1,721,011 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Paleo-fires and climate changes in northern European boreal forests during the Holocene
No full textLes écosystèmes forestiers boréaux représentent près de 30% de la superficie forestière mondiale. Ces régions caractérisées par une mosaïque forestière complexe sont principalement structurées par le climat (températures et précipitations) et le régime des feux. La capacité de prévision des incendies de forêt est essentielle pour atténuer leurs impacts sur la dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers, en tenant compte des aspects écologiques et socio-économiques associés. Sous l'effet du réchauffement climatique global (GIEC, 2014), des changements dans le régime des feux (fréquence et intensité) causés par le climat sont susceptibles de représenter une menace potentielle pour les écosystèmes boréaux. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire de mieux étudier les relations passées entre le feu et le climat afin d'appréhender la variabilité naturelle des processus écologiques. Mais avant de regarder les changements futurs avec l'utilisation de modèles, il est essentiel de comprendre les variations de régimes de feux dans le passé en utilisant des outils paléoécologiques. La paléoécologie se base sur des séries chronologiques, utilisant les propriétés physiques ou chimiques d'enregistrements paléontologiques, géologiques et glaciologiques, et permettant ainsi de comprendre la variabilité climatique même en l'absence d'observations météorologiques directes. Au cours de cette thèse, différentes méthodes ont été utilisées pour reconstituer l'histoire des paléo-feux (charbons lacustres et dendrochronologie) et les climats passés (chironomes subfossiles et pollens) afin d'étudier la relation feu-climat en Europe du Nord durant l'Holocène. Tout d’abord, il a été montré ici qu’il était possible de détecter les feux de surface dans les forêts boréales de Fennoscandie à partir d’enregistrements sédimentaires. Les changements climatiques en Laponie ont également été reconstitués sur les 9500 dernières années en utilisant des reconstructions de paléo-températures basées sur l'étude des chironomes et des pollens. Ces résultats ont ensuite été comparés avec l'histoire des feux locale afin d'évaluer la relation entre les dynamiques de feux et les oscillations du climat. Les données résultant de l'analyse des charbons indiquent une augmentation de la fréquence des feux depuis 3500 cal. BP. Cette dynamique semble liée aux changements du climat, en témoigne la baisse des températures observée au cours des 4000 dernières années. Les conditions climatiques et environnementales, plus froides et plus humides, ont semble-t-il engendré un changement de la composition végétale forestière (avec notamment l'arrivée de Picea) qui a pu causer ce changement de régime de feux. D'autre part, la quantité de charbons séquestrés dans les sédiments diminue durant les 4000 dernières années. Cela laisse suggérer que ces changements ont également modifié le type de feux affectant cette région boréale, passant de grands feux de cime à de fréquents feux de surface. L'augmentation de la fréquence des feux atteint finalement son maximum au cours des 2000 dernières années, suggérant qu'une augmentation des périodes de sécheresse estivale soit à l'origine de ces changements. Au final, cette étude confirme que des changements climatiques et environnementaux tendent à entraîner une augmentation des feux dans la forêt boréale nord-européenne.Boreal forest ecosystems represent almost 30% of the world forest area. These regions characterized by a complex forest mosaic are mainly structured by climate (temperature and precipitations) and fire regime. The predictive ability of forest fires is essential to mitigate their impacts on forest ecosystem dynamics, considering related ecological and social-economic aspects. Under global warming (IPCC, 2014), changes in climatically-driven fire regime (frequency and severity) are expected, which could represent a potential threat to boreal ecosystems. Consequently, it is necessary to better investigate the link between fire and climate in order to apprehend the natural variability of ecological processes. But before looking at future changes with the use of models, it is essential to understand the changes in the past with palaeoecological proxy. Paleoecological studies use time series of physical or chemical properties of paleontological, geological and glaciological records, thus allowing understanding of climatic variability even in the absence of direct meteorological observations. With this study, different methods were used to reconstruct the paleo-fires history (lacustrine charcoals and dendrochronology) and past climates (subfossil chironomids and pollens) in order to study the fire-climate link in Northern Europe during Holocene. Firstly, he was shown here that it was possible to detect surface fires in Fennoscandian boreal forests from sedimentary records. Climate change in Lapland has also been reconstructed over the last 9500 years using chironomid and pollen inferred-temperatures. These results were compared with the local fire history to study the link between fire dynamics and climate oscillations. The data resulting from the charcoal analysis indicate an increase in fire frequency since 3500 cal. BP. This dynamic seems to be linked to climate changes, as evidenced by the temperatures decrease observed during the past 4000 years. The colder and wetter climatic and environmental conditions have apparently led to a change the forest composition (including the arrival of Picea) that may have caused this change in fire regime. Furthermore, the quantity of charcoal sequestered in sediments decreases during the last 4000 years. This suggests that these changes have also changed the type of fire affecting this boreal region, from large crown fires to frequent surface fires. The increase in fire frequency has finally reached its maximum in the last 2000 years, suggesting that an increase in summer drought periods is behind these changes. In the end, this study confirms that climate and environmental changes tend to lead to a fire increase in the northern European boreal forest
Fire history, vegetation and climate dynamic of the Republic of Komi during the Holocene
No full textLe changement climatique en cours entraîne et va entraîner encore d’importantes modifications au niveau de la structuration et de la biodiversité des écosystèmes forestiers. Les forêts boréales, qui comptent parmi les plus grands biomes forestiers de la planète (32 % du couvert forestier mondiale) sont particulièrement impactés par de tels changements. Les incendies y sont des perturbateurs majeurs et ils participent à la dynamique de ces forêts. La récente augmentation des activités de feux dans ces écosystèmes soulève des questions d’ordre écologique et socio-économique. Les conséquences du réchauffement climatique global sont déjà observées dans ces régions, notamment au Canada et en Russie, où des hivers et des printemps plus chauds (augmentation de 2 à 3°C) ont été enregistrés depuis les années 1960. De plus, le changement climatique en cours renverse le bilan net du stockage de carbone les forêts boréales semblent maintenant passer de leur état de puit de carbone à un état source de carbone. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au fonctionnement de ce type de forêt, et afin de mieux anticiper les changements encore à venir, l’étude de sa dynamique passée permet d’apporter des éléments de réponses. L’objectif de la thèse consiste à étudier et comprendre les intéractions entre la dynamique des incendies, de la végétation et du climat de l’Holocène (derniers 11700 ans) en République de Komi, une région de Russie, dont ces questions ont été très peu documentées. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la dynamique des incendies a révélé que la fréquence de feu a augmenté de manière graduelle tout au long de l’Holocène. Les changements de végétation au cours de l’Holocène ont été retracés à partir de l’analyse des grains de pollen et du modèle REVEALS. Une forêt de type taïga claire (type particulier de forêt boréale) s’est développée au début de l’Holocène, de 10000 à 6000 cal. yr BP. Ensuite, de 10000 à 3500 cal. yr BP, une taïga sombre s’est installée. Puis à partir de 3500 cal. yr BP, on observe le retour progressif de la taïga claire. Les reconstitutions paléoclimatiques basées sur une double approche, pollen et biomarqueurs moléculaires (brGDGts), ont mis en évidence un optimum climatique entre 7000 et 4000 cal. yr BP. La mise en relation de ces résultats les uns avec les autres nous a amené à conclure que pour la première moitié de l’Holocène, le climat a une influence majeure sur la végétation. Puis à partir de 3500 cal. yr BP, le passage de la fréquence des feux sous une valeur seuil (FRI, Intervalle de retour de feu < 200 ans) a eu un impact plus fort que le climat sur la végétation. Depuis les 600 dernières années, l’intensification des activités humaines a mené à une surexploitation de la forêt et à une augmentation de son activité. Un autre aspect de la thèse a consisté à étudier les dynamiques des incendies de deux autres régions, en Carélie, et dans la région sud du Lac Baïkal. La dynamique des feux y a été plus complexe qu’en République de Komi, car elle n’a pas suivie la même tendance à la décroissance graduelle du FRI.Ongoing climate change is causing and will continue to cause significant changes in the structure and biodiversity of forest ecosystems. Boreal forests, which are among the world's largest forest biomes (32% of the world's forest cover), are particularly affected by such changes. Fires are major perturbators and contribute to the dynamics of these forests. The recent increase in fire activity in these ecosystems raises ecological and socio-economic issues. The consequences of global warming are already being observed in these regions, particularly in Canada and Russia, where warmer winters and springs (2 to 3°C increase) have been recorded since the 1960s. In addition, ongoing climate change is reversing the net carbon storage of boreal forests, which now appears to be shifting from their carbon sink state to a carbon source state. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying the functioning of this type of forest, and to anticipate future changes, the study of its past dynamics allows us to provide some answers. The aim of this phD is to study and understand the interactions between the dynamics of Holocene fire, vegetation and climate (last 11700 years) in the Republic of Komi, a region of Russia, where these questions have been very poorly documented. Vegetation dynamics during the Holocene were reconstructed from pollen grain analysis and the REVALS model. An open light forest (a particular type of boreal forest) developed in the early Holocene, from 10,000 to 6,000 cal. yr BP. Then, from 10000 to 3500 cal. yr BP, a dark taiga settled. Then from 3500 cal. yr BP, we observe the gradual return of the light taiga. Paleoclimatic reconstructions based on a dual approach, pollen and molecular biomarkers (brGDGts), have shown a climatic optimum between 7000 and 4000 cal. yr BP. The relationship between these results led us to conclude that for the first half of the Holocene, climate had a major influence on vegetation. Then from 3500 cal. yr BP, the change in fire frequency below a threshold value (FRI, Fire Return Interval < 200 years) had a greater impact on vegetation than the climate. Over the past 600 years, the intensification of human activities led to overexploitation of the forest and an increase in its fire activity. Another aspect of the phD was to study the fire dynamics of two other regions, in Karelia and in the southern region of Lake Baikal. Fire dynamics were more complex than in the Republic of Komi, as they did not follow the same trend of gradual decline in the FRI
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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