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From Cartel Regulation to Monopolistic Control? The Founding of the German 'Steel Trust' in 1926 and its Effect on Market Regulation
No full textThe foundation of the Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, the merger of four leading steel combines, changed the inter-company system of the cartelised German steel industry. In 1926, this cartel system was no longer a sufficient framework to solve the economic problems of the steel combines. Still, merger did not mean 'abandoning cartels' as contemporaries assumed, it rather was a strategy to overcome limits of the cartel system. The article analyses the founding of the German 'Steel Trust' and examines its effects on the cartel system. The new large company utilised the institutional arrangements of the cartels, and it reached predominance within the oligopoly of steel combines and within the steel cartels. These were, as an evaluation of price data indicates, at least until after 1932 economically not as strong as their steady persistence suggests. At the same time, the company prepared itself to live without cartels and developed a company structure that allowed for a flexible response to any development in the cartels and on the markets.
Diverse Paths to Factory Production, 1780s-1840s: the Woollen Cloth Industry in the West Riding of Yorkshire and in the West of the Rhineland (Prussian Rhineprovince)
No full textThis paper compares the industrial development of the two leading British and German woollen cloth regions in the late 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. It focuses on the implementation of the industrial capitalism?s paradigmatic new system of production, the factory system. At the stage of the ?Industrial Revolution? the West Riding of Yorkshire and the west of the Rhineland (Prussian Rhine-Province; an industrial district marked by the cities of Aix-la-Chapelle, D?ren, Montjoie, and Eupen) had become the predominant industrial woollen cloth regions of their countries. The West Riding was much larger than its German counterpart and its figures of production were, of course, much higher. Both regions pioneered however the mechanisation of the national cloth industries ? considered that there was no German nation-state before 1871. The industrialists of the West Riding introduced spinning and carding machinery about 25 years earlier than the clothiers in the west of the Rhineland. However, about 1830 the scope of the typical factory had become comparable. The industry of the British region was much larger than the cloth industry of the Rhenish region, but the Rhenish factories acquired a comparable range of mechanical production and achieved even a higher degree of vertical integration. Large Rhenish clothiers producing in centralised factories increasingly exploited power machines that operated nearly all kinds of textile machines, nevertheless the looms were still operated by hand. The weavers were mostly centralised into factory workshops, but there was still a remarkable domestic production. Yet this domestic production as well as the artisan production was affiliated to the factory system. As a result of the rapid improvements in the west of the Rhineland, the two regional industries competed seriously on the cloth markets of the world. The implementation of the factory system in the two regions followed different lines that are analysed in this paper. The differences are explained by the structure of the respective traditional system of cloth production and by different types of products, the similarities are explained by production costs and changing market conditions.Woollen Cloth Industry, Factory Production, Yorkshire, Rhineland, industrial development
Kapitel 5 1945 bis 1969: Produkte für jedermann. Wiederaufbau, Wirtschaftswunder und Neubeginn im Ausland
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Kapitel 1 1880 bis 1890: Paul Beiersdorf. Sein „Laboratorium dermatotherapeutischer Präparate“ und die Anfänge des Unternehmens
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