72 research outputs found
INFRARED EMISSION FROM
No full textThis work was done under contract between Rome Air Development Center and The Ohio State University Research Foundation. Bell, Burnside. Dam, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 45 405 (1955).Author Institution: The Ohio State University“The emission from small flames, mainly hydrocarbons, have been measured and the spectral radiance of a few will be shown. The goodness of the temperature detemination from this data will be illustrated by examples and the method The general features of such flames will be explained. The spectral radiance of several non-hydrocardon flames will also be discussed.
Groups with the basis property
No full text"The first author is supported by an EPSRC Doctoral Training Grant"We study finite groups for which every minimal generating set has the same cardinality. A group has the basis property if it and every subgroup satisfies this condition on minimal generating sets. We classify all finite groups with the basis property.Peer reviewe
MDCCCXLV : the month of January : Oxford /
No full textConcerning W.G. Ward's Ideal of a Christian church and the University's action against him because of religious opinions expressed in it.Mode of access: Internet.MUDD Lmd38 829: Binder's title: Oxford University pamphlets. 1829-1859.MUDD Mhg57 1845 H8 copy 2: On thick paper, uncut. 23 cm. Presentation copy, with author's autograph inscription.BEIR Mhg57 1845 H8 copy 1: On thin paper. 21 cm. Presentation copy, with author's autograph inscription.BEIN Mhg57 1: Ward's case. Vol. I.BEIR Mhg57 1845 H81: 23 cm. Presentation inscription: Mr. Gifford Palgrave [?], Jan. 23 1845, from the author. Stamp: F. Madan, B.N.C. Oxford. No. 2 of 2 titles bound together
Equity in educational expenditures : can government subsidies help?
No full textWhen there are externalities across households, governments can improve economic outcomes by equitably subsidizing education. But this chain of causality works only if (1) allocated resources reach the final recipients, and (2) equity in public subsidies translates directly into equity in total educational expenditures, including private spending at the household level. Using a unique data set fromZambia, the author shows that whether these conditions are met depends on the specific schemes used to allocate resources as well as the exact form of the subsidies. First, subsidies allocated through clear guidelines and legislated rules reached the final recipients, but those allocated at the discretion of province and educational offices did not. Second, even those components of subsidies that were progressive (in that the share of total subsidies for the poor was greater than the share for the non-poor) had no effect on inequality in total educational expenditures due to the crowding-out of household spending.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Teaching and Learning,Decentralization,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Teaching and Learning,Economic Adjustment and Lending,Health Economics&Finance,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies
Toward better regulation of private pension funds
No full textThe author analyzes the typical model for regulating investments in private pension funds. Pension reforms like those pioneered by Chile are being initiated or considered in Argentina, Bolivia, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and elsewhere. Such reforms greatly improve fiscal discipline, make social security benefits and burdens equitable, and deepen financial markets. But they are also typically accompanied by: tight restrictions on the investments in pension fund portfolios; restrictions on the management of mandated retirement savings (to newly created legal entities called pension administrators, to the exclusion of such financial intermediaries as banks and mutual funds); minimum-return guarantees from the state and/or pension funds; and commissions based on salary rather than on the volume of assets managed. Illustrating his conclusions with case studies from Chile and Peru, the author shows that these restrictions, though well-meant, are poorly justified by financial theory, distort incentives for competition based on product choice and efficiency, increase administrative costs, and seriously reduce the affiliates'appropriate risk-return choices and returns. And the resulting potential losses in retirement income are great. The author recommends a significant departure from the Chilean-style model of a private pension fund system. He briefly describes implementation and transition issues for the alternative system that he proposes, which would: permit diverse intermediaries -including banks and mutual funds that meet appropriate prudential standards- to manage retirement savings; allow a greater choice between investment products; require that returns be reported on a net basis; and charge commissions as a fraction of assets managed.Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Economic Theory&Research,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Environmental Economics&Policies,Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Pensions&Retirement Systems,Environmental Economics&Policies,Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research
November 1, 1904 Page two The right spirit [Editorial] One end of cable will be landed today Water scare at Flagler Notice [of election]
No full textMutty, Peter; Smith, Helen B.; McCurdy, James G.; Cosgrove, Sameul G.; Nash, L.B.; Bassett, George W.; Munson, Al J.; Crow, Herman D.; Humphrey, William Ewart, 1862-1934; Jones, Wesley Livsey, 1863-1932; Cushman, Francis Wellington, 1867-1909; Rudkin, Frank H.; Fullerton, Mark A.; Mead, Albert Edward, 1861-1913; Coon, Charles Edward; Nichols, Sam H.; Mills, George G.; Clausen, Charles W.; Atkinson, John D.; Ross, E.W.; Bryan, R.B.; Bartlett, Frank Albert; Bishop, William, Jr.; Hatch, George C.; Macomber, Julius; Scott, James W.B.; Bash, Frank L.; Peterson, J.H.; Gnagey, U.D.; Olson, C.A.; Phillips, John D.; Walker, C.W.; Lockhart, J.M.; Mutty, Peter; McGuire, J.A.; Huntingford, J.; Bugge, S.M.; Edwards, G.W.; Moa, E.; Oliver, Nelson T.; Anderson, James; Northrup, D.O.; Gale, J.M.; Anderson, John; Almadon, John; Smith, C.A., Jr.; Theil, Fred; Carney, Jno. J.; Trumbull, John; Darnell, J.S.; Richardson, Simon Peter; Hathaway, Howard; Anderson, James; Beck, W.T.; Battle, Alfred; Turner, George; Judson, Stephen; Hough, P.; Mudgett, George; Purdin, R. Lee; Neil, Charles H.; Peirson, Van R.; Gerard, Walter D.; Coleman, A.R.; Coyne, P.M.; Butler, Charles; Pettygrove, Benjamin F.; Van Trogen, John; Fritz, W.J.; Snyder, N.S.; Seitzinger, L.G.; Driscoll, P.; Sanders, A.; Anderson, E.; Rush, G.; Bernett, T.; Bonstein, William; McDonald, R.; Norling, G.; Brearcliff, A.; Monett, J.W.; McCormick, William; Anderson, J.C.; Shaffer, J.C.; Dehly, S.M.; Lee, J.; Crossman, F.; Conant, F.H.; Woods, J.J.; Sanford, De Forest; Lund, O.; Angus, D.M.; Pratt, P.R.; Crow, D.G.; Wiswell, T.C.; Jory, H.D.; Croston, George; McDevitt, William; Phipps, D.W.; Burgess, D.; Roeder, Sigmund; Boomer, George E.; Goerkes, Bernard; Payne, A.F.; Whitney, O.C.; LaClerc, J.F.; Silvester, Francis C.; Ovall, John; Stivers, George F.; Spalding, William Alvin; Varney, Goerge R.; Potter, Walace W.; Hawes, Ferdinand B.; Brown, Henry; Sherwood, Ambrose Henry; Shields, William H.; McDowell, James; Possom, Guy; Gridley, Clinton C.; Lichty, W.H.; Gellermann, A.B.L.; Wolfe, J.G.; Runner, W.E.; Cotterill, George F.; Clayson, E.; McDonald, Alex; Heath, J.C.;steamer Arcata; sloop Clara J; cable ship Burnside; schooner Balmoral; schooner Robert Lewers; steamer City of Seattle; bark Amarath
Education and earnings inequality in Mexico
No full textEducation attainment levels increased dramatically for Mexico's labor force in the 1980s and early 1990s. In parallel, the country experienced a pronounced increase in earnings inequality from 1984-94, reflected in a higher dispersion of wages and an absolute decline in the real incomes of less educated, poorer Mexicans. This increased wage dispersion presents policymakers with a tradeoff between efficiency considerations (favoring increased spending on higher education) and equity considerations (favoring a more equal distribution of per student spending) in the allocation of fiscal resources to education. The author concludes that the best way to deal with this equity-efficiency tradeoff is to encourage greater private participation in higher education. His main findings are that: a) The accumulation of human capital during 1984-94, as proxied by education attainment, was accompanied by a more equal distribution of education attainment levels over that period and, thus, exerted an equalizing effect on the distribution of incomes. The increased income inequalityobserved over that period appears to be caused by an increased rate of skill-based technological change, whose transmission to Mexico and other developing countries may have been facilitated by the increased openness of their economies. b) The greater dispersion of wager observed in Mexico during the past decade raised the rates of return on investing in higher education, reversing the traditional pattern where primary education exhibits the highest rates of return. c) The social rates of return across levels of schooling were more uniform in 1994 than in 1984, suggesting a more efficient assignment of education spending. At the same time, the distribution of spending on education became more egalitarian, as per student spending in higher education declined markedly compared with per student spending at the primary level. This surprising coincidence in the pattern of spending on education was only possible because Mexico started out with a very distorted resource allocation in education that was both highly inequitable and inefficient. As Mexico's policymakers are on the way to correcting these distortions, the opportunities for avoiding the equity-efficiency tradeoff within Mexico's centralized education framework will become progressively exhausted. d) There is little reason to expect the pace of technological change, which appears mainly responsible for raising wage dispersion and the relative returns on higher education, to abate. Efficiency considerations dictate that Mexico should respond by devoting more resources to higher education. However, the federal budget, which traditionally has financed the lion's share of higher education costs in Mexico, is unable to accommodate additional spending on higher education, while spending cuts elsewhere in the education sector are bound to raise serious equity questions. Thus, to avoid falling behind in terms of human capital accumulation, greater private sector participation is necessary, at least, in terms of cost recovery from the main beneficiaries of higher education.Decentralization,Teaching and Learning,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Health Promotion,Curriculum&Instruction,Teaching and Learning,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Gender and Education,Curriculum&Instruction
Phantoms of Anglo-Confederate commerce : an historical and archaeological investigation of American civil war blockade running
No full textDuring the American Civil War Wilmington, North Carolina and the
Bermudian ports of St. Georges and Hamilton served as vital links in a
complex trading network that developed to facilitate the exchange of southern
agricultural products for war materials and civilian merchandise through a
Union blockade of the Confederacy. Although that material contributed
significantly to the Confederate war effort, Anglo-Confederate blockade
running has received limited scholarly attention. Much of the associated
literature is based on memoirs rather than scholarship and does not accurately,
reflect that necessarily clandestine trade. The primary goal of this thesis is to
produce a more comprehensive and detailed picture of blockade running, the
cargoes carried through the Union blockade and the powerful steam vessels
that made Anglo-Confederate commerce possible. Unlike previous treatments,
this thesis combines the results of both archival and archaeological research.
The results illustrate the evolution of strategies involved in both establishing
and maintaining the blockade and those developed for running the blockade.
Assessment of the vessel remains and historical data associated with the
construction and procurement of steamers identifies the vessel types and
confirms that blockade runners adapted extant technology. Contrary to the
popularly held impression, no technological innovations were specifically
developed to address the demands of the trade. The spatial distribution of
wrecks and the minimal amount of cultural material surviving in association
with them, provides strong evidence that cargoes were more valuable than the
vessels. That premise influenced the strategy adopted by blockade runners.
While Confederate salvors left little evidence of cargo, historical research
revealed a wealth of new insight into the specific nature of that material. This
new evidence provides a more accurate and detailed picture of Anglo-
Confederate blockade running and the strategies, ships and cargoes that made
blockade running between Wilmington and Bermuda a success
Trading arrangements and industrial development
No full textHow do different trading arrangements influence the industrialization process of developing countries? Can preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) be superior to multilateral liberalization, or at least an alternative when multilateral liberalization proceeds slowly? If so, what form should the PTAs take? Are developing countries better advised to seek PTAs with industrial countries or among themselves? Traditional analysis of these issues has been based on the idea of trade creation and trade diversion. The problem with this analysis is that it starts from assuming a pattern of comparative advantage of newly industrialized countries. The experience of these countries suggests the need for an analysis in which the pattern of comparative advantage is not set in stone but is potentially flexible, and in which less developed countries can develop and converge in both income and economic structure to industrial economies. The authors outline an alternative approach for analyzing the role of trade in promoting industrial development. There are few fundamental differences between countries that generate immutable patterns of comparative advantage. Instead the pattern of trade and development in the world economy is determined mainly by history. Cumulative causation has created concentrations of industrial activity in particular locations (industrial countries) and left other areas more dependent on primary activities. Economic development can be thought of as the spread of these concentrations from country to country. Different trading arrangements may have a major impact on this development process. By changing the attractiveness of countries as a base for manufacturing production they can potentially trigger or postpone industrial development. This approach explains why firms are reluctant to move to economies that have lower wages and labor costs, and shows how trade liberalization can change the incentives to become established in developing countries. It provides a mechanism through which import liberalization can have a powerful effect in promoting industrialization. And it suggests that import liberalization may create or amplify differences between liberalizing countries with the possible political tensions this may create. While these features are consistent with the world economy, they fall short of providing convincing empirical support for the approach. Using the approach, the authors derive number of conclusions about the effects of trade liberalization. First, that unilaterally liberalizing imports of manufactures can promote development of the local manufacturing industry. The mechanism is forward linkages from imported intermediates, but this may be interpreted as part of a wider package of linkages coming from these imports. Second, the gains from liberalization through PTA membership are likely to exceed those obtained from unilateral action. South-South PTAs will be sensitive to the market size of member states, and North-South PTAs seem to offer better prospects for participating Southern economies, if not for North and excluded countries. Third, the effects of particular schemes (such as the division of benefits between Southern economies) will depend on the characteristics of the countries and cross-country differences in these characteristics.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Water and Industry,Labor Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Trade and Regional Integration,Water and Industry
Interpreting the coefficient of schooling in the human capital earnings function
No full textThe"human capital earnings function"(HCEF) has become a fundamental tool in research on earnings, wages, and incomes in industrial and developing economies. It is accepted procedure in litigation about earnings, such as cases involving the value of lost earnings due to injury, death, or discrimination. It is also often used to make educational policy decisions based on estimates of the rate of return from schooling. The HCEF relates the natural logarithm of earnings to investments in human capital measured in time, such as years of schooling and years of post-school work experience. Among its desirable features: 1) it is not an ad hoc specification; it is derived from an identity. So the coefficients of the equation have economic interpretations; 2) it uses data effieciently; 3) it is flexible, allowing for easy incorporations of variables appropriate for a particular study; and 4) the coefficients of the HCEF are devoid of units, facilitating comparisons across space (such as countries) or across time periods (such as decades). In estimating the rate of return from schooling, the coefficient of the schooling variable is often interpreted as the rate of return from schooling. This may be the correct interpretation but the author shows that in principle -and in many circumstances- it is not. He also discusses the effects on the coeffiecient of schooling of the treatment of the labor supply (weeks worked and hours worked per week) and other measures of labor market outcomes,Teaching and Learning,Fiscal&Monetary Policy,Labor Policies,Education Reform and Management,Environmental Economics&Policies,Teaching and Learning,Environmental Economics&Policies,Education Reform and Management,Poverty Assessment,Inequality
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