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Management strategies for implementing community recovery programs after hurricanes
No full textCoastal communities and those in the flood plains of the United States of America are often devastated by hurricanes and the ensuing flooding in the aftermath. Community recovery after each hurricane is often long and mostly chaotic. The problem appears to be a lack of a solid recovery management strategy in place because the challenges of recovery seem to be replicated with each hurricane. In an attempt to address the recurring issue in this dissertation, the researcher explored management strategies for implementing sustainable community recovery after hurricanes. The research method is the systematic review of literature in which the researcher applied Mintzberg’s adhocracy theory. The scope of the study was Category 3–5 hurricanes in the United States from 2005 to 2017. These hurricanes were Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Wilma, Hurricane Rita, Hurricane Sandy, and Hurricane Matthew. Evidence from existing literature suggested that some management strategies are more effective than others. Some of the effective strategies were using social media, call centers, buyouts, and relocations. Housing was one of the recovery programs that were bedeviled by challenges.iii
Management Strategies for Implementing Community Recovery Programs After Hurricanes
Fatima Musa Alfa
Dissertation
A Thesis
Submitted to the
Graduate Faculty
of
University of Maryland University College
In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Degree
of
Doctor of Management
Eric B. Dent, Ph.D. (Chair)
G. David Andersen, Ed.D.
December 29, 2017
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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Abstract
Coastal communities and those in the flood plains of the United States of America are often devastated by hurricanes and the ensuing flooding in the aftermath. Community recovery after each hurricane is often long and mostly chaotic. The problem appears to be a lack of a solid recovery management strategy in place because the challenges of recovery seem to be replicated with each hurricane. In an attempt to address the recurring issue in this dissertation, the researcher explored management strategies for implementing sustainable community recovery after hurricanes. The research method is the systematic review of literature in which the researcher applied Mintzberg’s adhocracy theory. The scope of the study was Category 3–5 hurricanes in the United States from 2005 to 2017. These hurricanes were Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Wilma, Hurricane Rita, Hurricane Sandy, and Hurricane Matthew. Evidence from existing literature suggested that some management strategies are more effective than others. Some of the effective strategies were using social media, call centers, buyouts, and relocations. Housing was one of the recovery programs that were bedeviled by challenges.
Key words: community recovery, debris or disaster management, dislocated or displaced residents, implementation strategy, hurricane, management strategies, and recovery efforts or programs
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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Dedication
In loving memory of my amazing and visionary father, Musa Abu, who insisted that I get an education before I got anything else. He did his best to give me a good education. Sadly, he is not here to see me graduate.
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Acknowledgements The idea of pursuing a Doctor of Management degree was born in 2011 in late Dr. Stephen Versace’s class while studying for the Master of Business Administration at University of Maryland University College (UMUC). I thank Dr. Versace for encouraging me to pursue the doctor of management program. He referred me to Ms. Jane Goldberg, the academic specialist for the executive program, who, in turn, referred me to Dr. Robert Goodman. I would like to thank Dr. Goodman for providing me with the application information and Dr. Mike Riley for giving me a reference for the program. I am also grateful to my pastor, Sunday Joseph Adu, for providing a reference for me and for his encouragement through the course of my study. My heartfelt appreciation goes to my lovely children, Stephen, Ephraim, and Anne Alfa, for their patience and understanding these past few years juggling studies with household and family responsibilities. Thank you for always being proud of my doctoral endeavor. I am also grateful to my husband, Dr. Samuel Alfa, for his unflinching support through the course of my study. I am thankful to my late father, Alhaji Musa Abu, who instilled a love for education and strong work ethic in me. Thank you, Baba, for always believing in me and giving me a voice through education in a time when girl’s education was discouraged in our extended family and community. Right from my primary one (first grade), you told me that I would go to the university and become a medical doctor. Unfortunately, I was not interested in healthcare. I did go to the university and now I am becoming a Doctor of Management. Thank you for not giving up on me. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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To my mother, Hajiya Rakiya Bala, I say thank you for showing me the meaning of resilience. I grew up watching you fall, get up, and thrive. You are a woman ahead of your time. Your example has enabled me to pick up my broken pieces from each challenging situation. I see a lot of you in me now that I am much older. Thank you, mama, for all you have done for me. My appreciation goes to my cousin, Dr. Momoh Yakubu, who has always been one of my strong supporters since our childhood. Thank you, Momoh, for always believing in me and encouraging me. You are more of a brother than a cousin to me. I would like to thank my dissertation committee without whom this work would not have been completed. I thank Dr. Eric Dent, my dissertation chair, for his guidance, patience, and encouragement on completing my dissertation. I also acknowledge Dr. Deborah Wharff, and Dr. G. David Andersen for their advising. I acknowledge the contributions of the Department of Management faculty particularly, Dr. Nicholas Allen who grilled me in DMGT600 and DMGT810; Dr. Michael S. Frank who laid the foundation in DMGT800; Dr. Leslie Dinauer, who guided me and has encouraged me all the way; Dr. Krista Watson, who showed me the ropes in statistics; Dr. John Sherlock, who taught me systematic reviews; Dr. Subash K. Bijlani, who ensured I produced good quality papers; and Dr. Wanda Wagner and Dr. Kim Kelly, in whose class the light bulb actually went off on the conceptual framework and I actually started drawing one. Marina, what can I say? Thank you for all your help. You were always there to address my concerns and point me to the right direction when you could not answer my questions. Much appreciation goes to my sister friends Genevieve Dodoo, J. D., Dr. Gladys Arome, Valery Jimenez, Oluwafunmilayo Akiyode, and Adejoke Alabi. Genny and Joke, MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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thanks for keeping Anne during those comprehensive exams. Genny, thank you also for suggesting UMUC to me, I have had a rewarding experience. My entire high school classmates, Queen’s College Lagos, Class of 1979, particularly, Mrs. Bolanle Adekoya, thank you for your moral support and prayers. Not leaving out members of the Queen’s College Alumni, particularly, Dr. Ikwo Ekpo for the edits and conference information on disaster management, Mrs. Subomi Macaulay for stepping up and helping my children, Stephen and Ephraim during their college applications. I am grateful to my cohorts especially, Dr. Trienne Glover, Dr. Carolyn Garcia-Larson, Dr. Tanya Pelcher, and Dr. Mark Livingston for their support. To the UMUC Writing Center, I say thank you for your guidance. I am grateful to the entire UMUC library staff, especially, Ms. Cynthia Thomes for always being available to help. Thank for helping with the Boolean search methods for retrieving materials towards the completion of my dissertation. I am also grateful to my editor, Ms. Kathleen O'Connor; I say thank you for editing various sections of this study. Thank you for checking up on me periodically. Finally, to the almighty God who made a way, I give all the glory. I was in jeopardy of not completing this study, but God kept making a way. Without His enablement, I would not have completed this work given the insurmountable problems that I encountered in the course of this study. Thank you Lord for all you have done for me. I am ever grateful to you, my Redeemer. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix
List of Appendices ...............................................................................................................x
List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................... xi
Chapter 1 ..............................................................................................................................1
Introduction and Overview of the Dissertation ....................................................................1
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
Problem Statement .................................................................................................. 4
The Significance of the Problem ............................................................................. 5
Purpose and Scope of the Study.............................................................................. 6
Significance of Study to Management Practice and Scholarship ........................... 7
Research Questions ................................................................................................. 8
Discussion of Themes and Concepts and Relevant Literature Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................................................... 8
Variables ..................................................................................................... 9
Management Strategies ............................................................................... 9
Strategy ....................................................................................................... 9
Implementation of Strategy....................................................................... 11
Community Recovery ............................................................................... 15
Community Recovery Measurement Criteria ........................................... 15
Determination of Achieving Recovery ..................................................... 16
Debris ........................................................................................................ 18 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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Cleanup ..................................................................................................... 19
Hurricane................................................................................................... 19
Hurricane Category ................................................................................... 21
Disaster or Community Recovery ............................................................. 22
Social Impacts ........................................................................................... 23
Organization of the Dissertation ........................................................................... 23
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................26
Research Framework .........................................................................................................26
Introduction and Review of Study Background.................................................... 26
Discussion of the Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 27
Synthesis of Literature .......................................................................................... 30
Federal Community Recovery Programs .............................................................. 30
The Use of Call Centers ............................................................................ 31
Community Participation Through Charretes–Redevelopment or Relocation ................................................................................................. 39
Mississippi Cottage Program .................................................................... 46
Alternative Housing Pilot Program ........................................................... 50
Nonprofit Housing Project ........................................................................ 54
Resident Tracing ....................................................................................... 55
Dislocated or Displaced Residents............................................................ 61
Debris or Waste Management ................................................................... 71
Debris or Disaster Waste Management Phases ......................................... 72
Disaster Waste Management Strategies .................................................... 75
The Use of Social Media........................................................................... 80 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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National Mass Care Strategy .................................................................... 82
Summary of the Systematic Review of Literature Summary and Conclusion ..... 84
Literature Interpretative Model and Narrative ...................................................... 85
Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................89
Methodology ......................................................................................................................89
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 89
Discussion of the Evidence-Based Research and Systematic Review of Literature for Management ................................................................................... 89
Evidence-Based Research ......................................................................... 89
Realist Synthesis ....................................................................................... 91
Discussion of Scholarly Research Evidence Tool ................................................ 95
Search Strategy ......................................................................................... 95
Inclusion–Exclusion Criteria .................................................................... 97
Relevance .................................................................................................. 97
Transparency ............................................................................................. 98
Description of Study Characteristics, Data Extraction, and Coding ......... 98
Quality Appraisal of Literature ............................................................... 102
Synthesis Methodology ........................................................................... 104
Expert Panel Review ........................................................................................... 105
Introduction ............................................................................................. 105
Expert Panel Members ............................................................................ 106
Panel Member’s Impact .......................................................................... 111
Summary ............................................................................................................. 111
Chapter 4 ..........................................................................................................................113 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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Analysis and Findings ......................................................................................................113
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 113
Argument, Problem, and Purpose Reviewed .......................................... 113
Systematic Review of Evidence for Research Questions and Propositions ....... 114
Presentation of Findings and Analysis .................................................... 114
Finding 1: Call center strategy .................................................... 115
Finding 2: Debris and waste management strategy .................... 116
Finding 3: Resident tracing and dislocated or displaced residents strategy ......................................................................... 117
Finding 4: Charrettes or town hall meeting strategy ................... 119
Finding 5: Temporary and permanent housing program strategy ........................................................................................ 120
Finding 6: National Mass Care strategy...................................... 122
Finding 7: Use of social media strategy ...................................... 122
Finding 8: Relocation or buyout program strategy ..................... 124
Finding 9: Nonprofit housing program strategy ......................... 124
Summary of the Findings .................................................................................... 125
Conceptual Model (Revised) and Narrative ....................................................... 129
Chapter 5 ..........................................................................................................................132
Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations for Future Study ..............................132
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 132
Global Community Recovery Management Trends ........................................... 133
Using Solar Technology ......................................................................... 133
Using Geographic Information Systems ................................................. 133 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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Restatement of Problem, Purpose, and Research Question ................................ 134
Implications for Management ............................................................................. 135
Implications for Scholars .................................................................................... 137
Implications of Trends ........................................................................................ 138
Convergence of Technology ................................................................... 138
Globalization ........................................................................................... 140
Sociocultural Shift .................................................................................. 140
Legislation............................................................................................... 140
Summary ............................................................................................................. 141
Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 143
Recommendations for Future Study ................................................................... 143
References ........................................................................................................................144
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LIST OF TABLES
1 Category Ranking and Cost (in Millions) Ranking of Hurricanes and Devastation From 2004 to 2017 ..................................................................................7
2 Criteria for the Determination of Recovery Achieved ..............................................17
3 Hurricane Categories ................................................................................................22
4 Ratio of Total 2-1-1 Calls Adjusted by Population Size per County in Texas, Fall 2005 ...................................................................................................................36
5 Steps for Realist Synthesis ........................................................................................94
6 Additional Databases Retrieved from University of Maryland University College Library .........................................................................................................96
7 Inclusion–Exclusion Criteria ....................................................................................97
8 Sample of Included and Excluded Data ....................................................................98
9 Quality Assessment Categories...............................................................................103
10 Panel Member Comments .......................................................................................106
11 Summary of findings and results ............................................................................125
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Theoretical framework using Mintzberg’s adhocracy theory ............................29
Figure 2. Conceptual framework: Management strategies for hurricane disaster community recovery. ................................................................................................87
Figure 3. PRISMA flow diagram. ....................................................................................101
Figure 4. Summary of findings. ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5. Conceptual frame (revised): Management strategies for hurricane disaster community recovery. ........................................
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