12 research outputs found
Equação mestra não-linear aplicada ao estudo de bioestabilidade óptica.
No full textIn this dissertation, we present a generalized master equation for a system of N two-
level atoms pumped by a classical field, interacting with a reservoir. The kinds of reservoirs
are assumed: (a) thermal, (b) squeezed vacuum. A master equation for the system was
derived under Born and Markov approximations. The mean ¯eld approximation is done
for the many-body system, so we obtain a non-linear master equation for a representative
atom of the system . We discuss the optical bistable behavior of the output field, and
analyze how much this phenomenon is sensitive to the number of atoms, the atom-reservoir
coupling and to the parameters of de reservoir.Financiadora de Estudos e ProjetosNesta dissertação, apresentamos uma equação mestra generalizada para um sistema
constituído de N átomos de dois níveis bombeados por um campo clássico, interagindo
com um reservatório. O tipo do reservatório pode ser: (a) térmico, (b) vácuo comprimido.
Uma equação mestra foi deduzida, para o sistema, nas aproximações de Born e Markov.
A aproximação de campo médio é feita para o sistema de muitos corpos, desta maneira
obtemos uma equação mestra não linear para um átomo representativo do sistema. Discutimos o comportamento ópitico biestável do campo de saída, e analisamos o quanto este
fenômeno é sensível ao número de átomos, ao tipo de acoplamento átomo-reservatório e
aos parámentros do reservatório
Validation of Aeolus wind products over the Brazilian Amazon
No full textA Missão de Dinâmica Atmosférica ADM-Aeolus foi lançada com sucesso em agosto de 2018 pela Agência Espacial Europeia (ESA). A missão Aeolus possuía um único instrumento, o primeiro Lidar Doppler (DWL) no espaço, chamado de Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument (ALADIN). Aeolus orbitou a Terra em uma órbita polar síncrona ao Sol, a cerca de 320 km de altitude, com um ciclo de repetição de 7 dias, fornecendo perfis verticais de ventos na linha de visada horizontal (HLOS) em escala global. Superando as expectativas científicas, o satélite Aeolus, inicialmente projetado para uma vida útil de 3 anos, forneceu cobertura global de perfis de vento por quase cinco anos. As medições do satélite preencheram lacunas críticas nas observações de vento existentes, especialmente em regiões remotas. Neste estudo de validação de longo prazo, dados de radiossondas coletados de três estações na Amazônia brasileira (Cruzeiro do Sul, Porto Velho e Rio Branco) foram usados como referência para avaliar a precisão dos produtos de vento Rayleigh-clear e Mie-cloudy do Nível 2B (L2B). A validação estatística foi realizada, cobrindo o período de outubro de 2018 a março de 2023. Considerando todos os dados de vento colocalizados para cada estação, os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson (r) variaram de 0,67 a 0,81 para os produtos Rayleigh-clear e de 0,72 a 0,90 para os produtos Mie-cloudy, indicando uma forte correlação entre as medições dos ventos do Aeolus e das radiossondas. Os vieses observados variaram de -0,01 m/s a -0,49 m/s para Rayleigh-clear e de -0,27 m/s a -0,49 m/s para Mie-cloudy, atendendo ao requisito da missão de ter vieses em módulo abaixo de 0,7 m/s. As correlações fortes e os vieses baixos observados nas análises demonstram que a tecnologia de lidar Doppler utilizada no ALADIN forneceu medições de vento confiáveis na Amazônia brasileira.The Atmospheric Dynamics Mission ADM-Aeolus was successfully launched in August 2018 by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Aeolus mission carried a single instrument, the first-ever Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL) in space, called Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument (ALADIN). Aeolus circled the Earth in a polar sun-synchronous orbit at about 320 km altitude with a repeat cycle of 7 days, providing vertical profiles of horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) winds on a global scale. Exceeding scientific expectations, Aeolus, initially designed for a 3-year lifetime, provided global coverage of wind profiles for almost five years. The satellite\'s measurements filled critical gaps in existing wind observations, particularly in remote regions. In this long-term validation study, radiosonde data collected from three stations in the Brazilian Amazon (Cruzeiro do Sul, Porto Velho, and Rio Branco) were used as a reference to assess the accuracy of the Level 2B (L2B) Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy wind products. Statistical validation was conducted by comparing Aeolus L2B wind products with radiosonde data covering the period from October 2018 to March 2023. Considering all collocated wind data for each station, Pearson\'s correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.67 to 0.81 for the Rayleigh-clear products and from 0.72 to 0.90 for the Mie-cloudy products, indicating a strong correlation between Aeolus and radiosonde winds. The observed biases varied from -0.01 m/s to -0.49 m/s for Rayleigh-clear and from -0.27 m/s to -0.49 m/s for Mie-cloudy, meeting the mission\'s requirement of having biases in magnitude below 0.7 m/s. The strong correlations and low biases observed in the analyses demonstrate that ALADIN doppler wind lidar technology effectively provided reliable wind measurements in the Brazilian Amazon
Lidar Observations in South America. Part II - Troposphere
No full textIn Part II of this chapter, we intend to show the significant advances and results concerning aerosols’ tropospheric monitoring in South America. The tropospheric lidar monitoring is also supported by the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). It is concerned about aerosols originating from urban pollution, biomass burning, desert dust, sea spray, and other primary sources. Cloud studies and their impact on radiative transfer using tropospheric lidar measurements are also presented.Fil: Landulfo, Eduardo. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: Cacheffo, Alexandre. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: Calzavara Yoshida, Alexandre. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: Arleques Gomes, Antonio. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: da Silva Lopes, Fábio Juliano. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: de Arruda Moreira, Gregori. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: João da Silva, Jonatan. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: Andrioli, Vania. No especifíca;Fil: Pimenta, Alexandre. No especifíca;Fil: Wang, Chi. No especifíca;Fil: Xu, Jiyao. No especifíca;Fil: Pereira Martins, Maria Paulete. No especifíca;Fil: Batista, Paulo. No especifíca;Fil: de Melo Jorge Barbosa, Henrique. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Alves Gouveia, Diego. No especifíca;Fil: Barja González, Boris. No especifíca;Fil: Zamorano, Felix. No especifíca;Fil: Quel, Eduardo Jaime. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Clodomyra. No especifíca;Fil: Wolfram, Elian Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Casasola, Facundo Ismael. No especifíca;Fil: Orte, Pablo Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Salvador, Jacobo Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Pallotta, Juan Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Otero, Lidia Ana. Ministerio de Defensa. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Prieto, Maria. No especifíca;Fil: Ristori, Pablo Roberto. No especifíca;Fil: Brusca de Giorgio, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Reina Estupiñan, John Henry. No especifíca;Fil: Sanchez Barrera, Estiven. No especifíca;Fil: Antuña Marrero, Juan Carlos. No especifíca;Fil: Forno, Ricardo. No especifíca;Fil: Andrade, Marcos. No especifíca;Fil: Hoelzemann, Judith Johanna. No especifíca;Fil: Guimarães Guedes, Anderson. No especifíca;Fil: Tobler Sousa, Cristina. No especifíca;Fil: Fortunato dos Santos Oliveira, Daniel Camilo. No especifíca;Fil: de Souza Fernandes Duarte, Ediclê. No especifíca;Fil: Araújo da Silva, Marcos Paulo. No especifíca;Fil: Sammara da Silva Santos, Renata. No especifíca
Computação desplugada: atividade lúdica para desenvolver o pensamento computacional / Displaced computing: logical activity to develop computer thinking
No full textA ação descrita neste relato foi desenvolvida como parte de um projeto vinculado ao PEIC-2018 da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Teve como objetivo incentivar o Pensamento Computacional de alunos do sétimo, oitavo e nono anos do ensino fundamental II de uma escola particular da cidade de Ituiutaba-MG. Duas abordagens foram adotadas nesta ação: a primeira, denominada computação desplugada, utilizou materiais de uso comum no ambiente escolar, enquanto a segunda utilizou o computador. Verificou-se que, na abordagem desplugada, os alunos mantiveram-se mais focados na ação do que quando utilizaram o computador
Lidar Observations in South America. Part I - Mesosphere and Stratosphere
No full textSouth America covers a large area of the globe and plays a fundamental function in its climate change, geographical features, and natural resources. However, it still is a developing area, and natural resource management and energy production are far from a sustainable framework, impacting the air quality of the area and needs much improvement in monitoring. There are significant activities regarding laser remote sensing of the atmosphere at different levels for different purposes. Among these activities, we can mention the mesospheric probing of sodium measurements and stratospheric monitoring of ozone, and the study of wind and gravity waves. Some of these activities are long-lasting and count on the support from the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). We intend to pinpoint the most significant scientific achievements and show the potential of carrying out remote sensing activities in the continent and show its correlations with other earth science connections and synergies. In Part I of this chapter, we will present an overview and significant results of lidar observations in the mesosphere and stratosphere. Part II will be dedicated to tropospheric observations .Fil: Landulfo, Eduardo. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: Cacheffo, Alexandre. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: Calzavara Yoshida, Alexandre. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: Arleques Gomes, Antonio. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: da Silva Lopes, Fábio Juliano. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: de Arruda Moreira, Gregori. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: João da Silva, Jonatan. Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Centro de Lasers e Aplicacoes. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares; BrasilFil: Andrioli, Vania. No especifíca;Fil: Pimenta, Alexandre. No especifíca;Fil: Wang, Chi. No especifíca;Fil: Xu, Jiyao. No especifíca;Fil: Pereira Martins, Maria Paulete. No especifíca;Fil: Batista, Paulo. No especifíca;Fil: de Melo Jorge Barbosa, Henrique. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Alves Gouveia, Diego. No especifíca;Fil: Barja González, Boris. No especifíca;Fil: Zamorano, Felix. No especifíca;Fil: Quel, Eduardo Jaime. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Clodomyra. No especifíca;Fil: Wolfram, Elian Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Casasola, Facundo Ismael. No especifíca;Fil: Orte, Pablo Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Salvador, Jacobo Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Pallotta, Juan Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Otero, Lidia Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Prieto, Maria. No especifíca;Fil: Ristori, Pablo Roberto. No especifíca;Fil: Brusca de Giorgio, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Reina Estupiñan, John Henry. No especifíca;Fil: Sanchez Barrera, Estiven. No especifíca;Fil: Antuña Marrero, Juan Carlos. No especifíca;Fil: Forno, Ricardo. No especifíca;Fil: Andrade, Marcos. No especifíca;Fil: Hoelzemann, Judith Johanna. No especifíca;Fil: Guimarães Guedes, Anderson. No especifíca;Fil: Tobler Sousa, Cristina. No especifíca;Fil: Fortunato dos Santos Oliveira, Daniel Camilo. No especifíca;Fil: de Souza Fernandes Duarte, Ediclê. No especifíca;Fil: Araújo da Silva, Marcos Paulo. No especifíca;Fil: Sammara da Silva Santos, Renata. No especifíca
Long-Term Validation of Aeolus Level-2B Winds in the Brazilian Amazon
No full textThe Atmospheric Dynamics Mission ADM-Aeolus was successfully launched in August 2018 by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Aeolus mission carried a single instrument, the first-ever Doppler wind lidar (DWL) in space, called Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument (ALADIN). Aeolus circled the Earth, providing vertical profiles of horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) winds on a global scale. The Aeolus satellite’s measurements filled critical gaps in existing wind observations, particularly in remote regions such as the Brazilian Amazon. This area, characterized by dense rainforests and rich biodiversity, is essential for global climate dynamics. The weather patterns of the Amazon are influenced by atmospheric circulation driven by Hadley cells and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which are crucial for the distribution of moisture and heat from the equator to the subtropics. The data provided by Aeolus can significantly enhance our understanding of these complex atmospheric processes. In this long-term validation study, we used radiosonde data collected from three stations in the Brazilian Amazon (Cruzeiro do Sul, Porto Velho, and Rio Branco) as a reference to assess the accuracy of the Level 2B (L2B) Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy wind products. Statistical validation was conducted by comparing Aeolus L2B wind products and radiosonde data covering the period from October 2018 to March 2023 for Cruzeiro do Sul and Porto Velho, and from October 2018 to December 2022 for Rio Branco. Considering all available collocated winds, including all stations, a Pearson’s coefficient (r) of 0.73 was observed in Rayleigh-clear and 0.85 in Mie-cloudy wind products, revealing a strong correlation between Aeolus and radiosonde winds, suggesting that Aeolus wind products are reliable for capturing wind profiles in the studied region. The observed biases were −0.14 m/s for Rayleigh-clear and −0.40 m/s for Mie-cloudy, fulfilling the mission requirement of having absolute biases below 0.7 m/s. However, when analyzed annually, in 2022, the bias for Rayleigh-clear was −0.95 m/s, which did not meet the mission requirements
Influence of a Biomass-Burning Event in PM2.5 Concentration and Air Quality: A Case Study in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo
No full textSevere biomass burning (BB) events have become increasingly common in South America in the last few years, mainly due to the high number of wildfires observed recently. Such incidents can negatively influence the air quality index associated with PM2.5 (particulate matter, which is harmful to human health). A study performed in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) took place on selected days of July 2019, evaluated the influence of a BB event on air quality. Use of combined remote sensing, a surface monitoring system and data modeling and enabled detection of the BB plume arrival (light detection and ranging (lidar) ratio of (50 ± 34) sr at 532 nm, and (72 ± 45) sr at 355 nm) and how it affected the Ångström exponent (>1.3), atmospheric optical depth (>0.7), PM2.5 concentrations (>25 µg.m−3), and air quality classification. The utilization of high-order statistical moments, obtained from elastic lidar, provided a new way to observe the entrainment process, allowing understanding of how a decoupled aerosol layer influences the local urban area. This new novel approach enables a lidar system to obtain the same results as a more complex set of instruments and verify how BB events contribute from air masses aloft towards near ground ones
COVID-19 outbreak and air quality: Analyzing the influence of physical distancing and the resumption of activities in São Paulo municipality
No full textLidar Observations in South America. Part II - Troposphere
No full textIn Part II of this chapter, we intend to show the significant advances and results concerning aerosols’ tropospheric monitoring in South America. The tropospheric lidar monitoring is also supported by the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). It is concerned about aerosols originating from urban pollution, biomass burning, desert dust, sea spray, and other primary sources. Cloud studies and their impact on radiative transfer using tropospheric lidar measurements are also presented.The authors are thankful to the Brazilian Agencies National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), and National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) LBA Central Office in Manaus. The authors also thank the NASA/AERONET teams, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Argentine Agencies National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agency for the Promotion of Research, Technological Development and Innovation (ANPCyT), the Argentine National Defense University (UNDEF), UNDEFI and PID-UTN Projects, the Ministry of Defense of Argentina, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Also, to all NASA’s technical personnel, the Argentine Institute of Scientific and Technical Research for Defense (CITEDEF), and the Argentine National Meteorological Service (SMN), who have kept the solar photometers in operation, and especially to Raúl D’Elia. The authors wish to acknowledge the entire NASA CALIPSO and MODIS (AQUA/TERRA) teams, the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, for providing the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and the READY website, ESA/EOM projects teams, the Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership) Mission teams, and the Sentinel 5-P TROPOMI team. The authors also acknowledge the financial support from CIBioFi, the Colombian Science, Technology, and Innovation Fund-General Royalties System (Fondo CTeI-Sistema General de Regalías), and Gobernación del Valle del Cauca. The authors acknowledge the China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather (CBJLSW) for Supporting this Book Chapter. Vania F. Andrioli would like to thank the CBJLSW and the National Space Science Center (NSSC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for supporting her postdoctoral fellowship. The authors from the Universidad de Magallanes would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) /Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Science and Technology Research Association for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) through the SAVERNet project; and the Program FONDECYT of the Chilean National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) through Project FONDECYT 11181335.https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/7460
Lidar Observations in South America. Part I - Mesosphere and Stratosphere
No full textSouth America covers a large area of the globe and plays a fundamental function in its climate change, geographical features, and natural resources. However, it still is a developing area, and natural resource management and energy production are far from a sustainable framework, impacting the air quality of the area and needs much improvement in monitoring. There are significant activities regarding laser remote sensing of the atmosphere at different levels for different purposes. Among these activities, we can mention the mesospheric probing of sodium measurements and stratospheric monitoring of ozone, and the study of wind and gravity waves. Some of these activities are long-lasting and count on the support from the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). We intend to pinpoint the most significant scientific achievements and show the potential of carrying out remote sensing activities in the continent and show its correlations with other earth science connections and synergies. In Part I of this chapter, we will present an overview and significant results of lidar observations in the mesosphere and stratosphere. Part II will be dedicated to tropospheric observations.The authors are thankful to the Brazilian Agencies National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), and National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) LBA Central Office in Manaus. The authors also thank the NASA/AERONET teams, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Argentine Agencies National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agency for the Promotion of Research, Technological Development and Innovation (ANPCyT), the Argentine National Defense University (UNDEF), UNDEFI and PID-UTN Projects, the Ministry of Defense of Argentina, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Also, to all NASA’s technical personnel, the Argentine Institute of Scientific and Technical Research for Defense (CITEDEF), and the Argentine National Meteorological Service (SMN), who have kept the solar photometers in operation, and especially to Raúl D’Elia. The authors wish to acknowledge the entire NASA CALIPSO and MODIS (AQUA/TERRA) teams, the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, for providing the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and the READY website, ESA/ EOM projects teams, the Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership) Mission teams, and the Sentinel 5-P TROPOMI team. The authors also acknowledge the financial support from CIBioFi, the Colombian Science, Technology, and Innovation Fund-General Royalties System (Fondo CTeI-Sistema General de Regalías), and Gobernación del Valle del Cauca. The authors acknowledge the China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather (CBJLSW) for Supporting this Book Chapter. Vania F. Andrioli would like to thank the CBJLSW and the National Space Science Center (NSSC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for supporting her postdoctoral fellowship. The authors from the Universidad de Magallanes would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) / Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Science and Technology Research Association for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) through the SAVERNet project; and the Program FONDECYT of the Chilean National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) through Project FONDECYT 11181335.https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/7462
