77 research outputs found
Public Opinion, Refugee Programs, and State Welfare in Twenty Countries
No full textM.A.Refugee programs bolster global human rights by promoting responsibility-sharing and assisting the 25.9 million people who have been forced to flee their countries for fear of war or persecution. As refugee numbers soar globally and are depicted unfavorably by the media in the wake of the 2015 Syrian refugee crisis, public opinion towards refugees is increasingly measured. As opposed to examining the traits in the refugee population that make it more or less favorable for integration, this paper purports to identify a trait in the third-country host population that makes it more or less amenable to receiving refugees.Utilizing the 2016 Amnesty International Refugees Welcome survey and data from the 2010-2014 World Values Survey wave, this paper suggests that countries whose individuals prefer a high level of personal responsibility- as opposed to government intervention to ensure economic wellbeing- are more likely to support programs that aid refugees or allow refugees to enter the country. This paper contends that said individuals are less likely to view refugees as competition for government-provided resources and are therefore more supportive of their integration. Furthermore, these individuals support refugees settling or living at closer peripheries, encompassing the home, the neighborhood, or the city/village/town, as opposed to settling within the country at large
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No full textAbstract – Despite widespread interest, no reference implementation of an SI/SP slice encoder has been provided by JVT. We describe modifications to the reference software which enable the encoding of SI slices and of switching SP slices. We also describe a rate-distortion model which is useful in analyzing the performance of SP and SI frames. Through theoretical and empirical analysis we derive optimal settings for encoding SP and SI frames for streaming with packet losses. Our works identifies scenarios where SP and SI frames offer an attractive alternative to streaming with periodic I frames. 1. Software implementation All the results presented in the following were collected with our implementation of an SP/SI slice encoder. A patch which modifies the reference software to enable SI slice and switching SP slice coding is available on the following website
Raad van State en de poëtica van het bestaande
No full textAchter de monumentale gevels van het Lange Voorhout en de Kneuterdijk transformeerde de afgelopen jaren bijna geruisloos het allegaartje aan gebouwen van de Raad van State tot een universum waar verfijning en voornaamheid een nieuwe betekenis kregen. Aan een lange traditie waarbij de aanscherping tussen 'oud' (het domein van Monumentenzorg en historische freaks) en 'nieuw' (hippe eigentijdse architecten) centraal stond kwam een einde. Merkx+Girod gaven niet alleen vorm aan de bebouwing maar vooral aan het denken over transformatieprocessen van oude gebouwen en stedelijke weefsels naar nieuwe bestemmingen.UrbanismArchitecture and The Built Environmen
Bank Optimal Portfolio Risk Level Under Various Regulatory Requirements
No full textWP2011-06-OFCEWe investigate the impact the risk sensitive regulatory ratio may have on banks' risk taking behaviours according to two aspects: potential effects induced by the implementation of a risk sensitivity ratio and cyclical impacts that could affect risk taking behaviour. We show that the risk sensitivity of capital requirements introduce by Basel II adds either a regulatory "bonus" or "penalty" on a bank that owns a fixed capital endowment. Depending on the magnitude of cyclical variations into requirements, the "bonus" may be exploited by the bank to increase its value toward the selection of a riskier asset or the "penalty" may restrict the bank to opt for a less risky asset. Whether the optimal asset risk level swings among classes of risk through the cycle, the risk level of bank's portfolio may increase during economic upturns, or decrease in downturns, leading to a rise in financial fragility or a "fly to quality" phenomenon
Bâle II, Réallocation des Portefeuilles de Crédits et Incitation à la Prise de Risque : une Application au Cas des Pays Emergents d'Asie du Sud-est
No full textInternational audienceWe analyze the impact of the new Internal Rate Based (IRB) Basel II capital requirements on the credit portfolio of banks and on their incentive to take risk. We show that for some initially risky banks, there is an incentive bias to finance a riskier credit bucket when they shift from Basel I to IRB Basel II capital requirements. Basel II bank capital requirements is based on the default rate of each loan financed by a bank. This rate is measured by taking into account the specific risk of the credit (its own default probability) and its sensitivity to a systematic factor of risk. The relationship between these two risk factors (specific and systematic) is assumed to be decreasing with the default probability of a credit. This assumption implies that the marginal capital amount for a bank that finances a riskier credit is also decreasing. In order to appraise banks' incentive to finance risky projects, we compare this marginal decreasing amount of capital requirements with the increasing gain linked with the financing of riskier credits, which is measured by credit spreads. Under some conditions on the value of credit spreads, we show that the trade off between marginal cost and marginal gain may encourage initially risky banks under Basel I capital regulation to increase their level of risk under IRB Basel II capital regulation. This incentive bias towards a riskier credit portfolio is in contradiction with Basel II's main objective of reducing the global risk taken by banks.Nous analysons l'impact de l'approche par les notations internes du nouvel accord de Bâle (ci-après Bâle II version IRB) sur les portefeuilles de crédits des banques et sur leur incitation à la prise de risque. Les exigences en capital réglementaire de Bâle II sont basées sur le taux de défaut de chaque crédit financé par les banques. Ce taux de défaut est établi en prenant en compte le risque idiosyncrasique du crédit (sa propre probabilité de défaut) et sa sensibilité au facteur de risque systématique. La relation entre ces deux facteurs de risque est supposée décroissante de la probabilité de défaut du crédit dans Bâle II. Cette hypothèse implique que la charge marginale en capital pour une banque finançant un crédit plus risqué est décroissante. Cette charge marginale décroissante doit être comparée au gain croissant lié au financement de crédits plus risqués, mesuré par le spread de crédit sur l'actif sans risque. Nous montrons alors que, pour des banques initialement risquées, il existe un biais incitatif au financement de crédits davantage risqués lors du passage de Bâle I à l'approche IRB de Bâle II. Ce biais incitatif est en contradiction avec l'objectif principal de Bâle II de réduire le risque global encouru par les banques
Procyclicality and Bank Portfolio Risk Level Under A Constant Leverage Ratio
No full textWe investigate the impact the risk sensitive regulatory ratio may have on banks' risk taking behaviours during the business cycle. We show that the risk sensitivity of capital requirements introduce by Basel II adds either an "equity surplus" or an "equity deficit" on a bank that owns a fixed capital endowment and a constant leverage ratio. Depending on the magnitude of cyclical variations into requirements, the "surplus" may be exploited by the bank to increase its value toward the selection of a riskier asset or the "deficit" may restrict the bank to opt for a less risky asset. Whether the optimal asset risk level swings among classes of risk through the cycle, the risk level of bank's portfolio may increase during economic upturns, or decrease in downturns, leading to a rise in financial fragility or a "fly to quality" phenomenon
Cleavage-independent HIV-1 trimers from CHO cell lines elicit robust autologous tier 2 neutralizing antibodies
No full textNative flexibly linked (NFL) HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers are cleavage-independent and display a native-like, well-folded conformation that preferentially displays broadly neutralizing determinants. The NFL platform simplifies large-scale production of Env by eliminating the need to co-transfect the precursor-cleaving protease, furin that is required by the cleavage-dependent SOSIP trimers. Here, we report the development of a CHO-M cell line that expressed BG505 NFL trimers at a high level of homogeneity and yields of ~1.8 g/l. BG505 NFL trimers purified by single-step lectin-affinity chromatography displayed a native-like closed structure, efficient recognition by trimer-preferring bNAbs, no recognition by non-neutralizing CD4 binding site-directed and V3-directed antibodies, long-term stability, and proper N-glycan processing. Following negative-selection, formulation in ISCOMATRIX adjuvant and inoculation into rabbits, the trimers rapidly elicited potent autologous tier 2 neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies targeted the N-glycan "hole" naturally present on the BG505 Env proximal to residues at positions 230, 241, and 289. The BG505 NFL trimers that did not expose V3 in vitro, elicited low-to-no tier 1 virus neutralization in vivo, indicating that they remained intact during the immunization process, not exposing V3. In addition, BG505 NFL and BG505 SOSIP trimers expressed from 293F cells, when formulated in Adjuplex adjuvant, elicited equivalent BG505 tier 2 autologous neutralizing titers. These titers were lower in potency when compared to the titers elicited by CHO-M cell derived trimers. In addition, increased neutralization of tier 1 viruses was detected. Taken together, these data indicate that both adjuvant and cell-type expression can affect the elicitation of tier 2 and tier 1 neutralizing responses in vivo.</p
Typologie séquentielle de la mobilité et analyse causale
No full textL'auteur souligne que, à cause des postulats implicites et explicites tant des modèles de causalité (path analysis) que des classifications de trajectoires professionnelles accomplies, ces deux approches ne peuvent être assimilées. En particulier, la seconde approche permet, contrairement à la première, de dégager des ensembles de causes ne s'appliquant qu'à certains sous-ensembles de la population.The author stresses that, on account of the explicit and implicit postulates underlying path models as well as classifications of occupational mobility trajectories, these two approaches cannot be assimilated. In particular, the second approach allows, contrary to the first, the identification of sets of causes applying only to certain subsets of the population.El autor señala que, a causa de los postulados implícitos y explícitos tanto en los modelos de causalidad (path analysis) que en los de clasificaciones de trajectorias cumplidas, esas dos aproximaciones no pueden ser asimiladas. En particular, la segunda aproximación permite contrariamente a la primera, destacar conjuntos de causas que solo se aplican a ciertos sub-conjuntos de la población
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