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UMA Bulletin : News from the University of Melbourne Archives : Issue 4
No full textArticles: Documenting Business Activity - issues and challenges (Michael Piggott), A Recent Acquisition - The John Ellis Collection of Photographs (Andrew Ray, Stuart Macintyre), The Languishing of Corporate History (Alex Millmow), E J Brady Papers in the McLaren Collection (Gerard Hayes), There's More to Films Than the Goldwyn Girls Know (Quentin Turnour), Archives Supports Local Community Groups.December 199
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Man Who Smashed Convention
No full textThis chapter looks at Colin Clark’s criticisms of the post-war economic orthodoxy in Britain, especially the welfare state and how his critique made him one of the progenitors of neo-liberal thought. In Welfare and Taxation (1954) Clark stated that high tax rates enfeebled the economy by undermining entrepreneurial spirit and effort. He was equally alarmed at the rate at which government spending was rising, especially the cost of the welfare state; it was already exceeding the economic growth rate with much of the public revenue obtained from taxing low-income families. Families, he held, should be left to manage their own affairs. Clark can be seen as a progenitor of neo-liberal thought with his pamphlet marking the first intellectual reaction against the welfare state and foretelling upon how a new political movement would rise up against it. Clark continued his criticism of the British welfare state in The Cost of Living (1957), where he argued that protectionism and high taxation had become ‘a complete, utter, howling, disastrous failure’. Britain was afflicted by poor productivity, high taxation and protectionism but also inherently inflationary because of the commitment to over-full employment. Clark held that the ‘strongest’ argument for assisting the British farm sector was in dispersing the nation’s population. He assigned great cultural value to a healthy rural sector which enriched the nation’s social and cultural life. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd
Great Southern Land
No full textThis chapter looks at Colin Clark’s 1937 sabbatical in Australia where he took up visiting appointments at the Universities of Melbourne, Sydney and Western Australia. Clark was quickly entranced by Australia, especially Queensland. By giving guest lectures and making newsworthy comments he attracted interests in his talent including the Premier William Forgan Smith of Queensland. In 1938 he co-authored The National Income of Australia (1938) with John Crawford which contained a ‘provisional’ estimate for the Australian income multiplier. With an anticipated collapse in private investment spending Clark advocated further public sector stimulus; advice which conflicted with that of one of Australia’s leading economists, Douglas Copland. Clark also argued that since Australia’s population growth rate had slowed, it would be necessary for this to increase if the country was to maintain the maximum return from the capital invested. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd
The Grand Soothsayer
No full textThis chapter looks at Colin Clark’s work in development economics, especially on population and resources which alleviated fears about mass hunger within the developing countries during the postwar era. Clark perceived enormous potential for growth in agricultural productivity within developing countries. As such, he would lead the crusade against neo-Malthusian pessimism about food and resources, arguing that population growth pushed farmers to improve their production techniques and lift output. Clark criticised the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s estimates of the extent of world hunger which, he argued, were designed more to give support to Western farmers to produce large, uneconomical surpluses of grain. Where there was malnutrition the problem was attributed to political and distribution hurdles, not resource constraints. In The Economics of Subsistence Agriculture (1964) Clark explored how the bulk of the world’s population, living within traditional agricultural settings, lacked basic amenities such as clothing, housing, medicine, education and transport. Transport was identified as the overriding factor holding back agricultural productivity. Population Growth and Land Use (1967) conveyed Clark’s views about the interaction between population, the world’s resources, urban settlement and economic growth. He surprised many by saying the real problem facing humanity was finding space for housing and recreation. He also elevated the issue of economic and regional stratification within societies. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd
At Heaven’s Gate
No full textThis chapter looks at the final decade of Colin Clark’s life, marked by public recognition by Australian economists of his achievements as an eminent applied economist. It came against a major illness and the decrepitude of old age. Clark felt vindicated that dire prophecies about world resource depletion and population growth had proven false and was optimistic about human ingenuity overcoming future challenges. He felt that the principal social and economic problem for future generations would be how to make cities tolerable places in which to live. His last work Regional and Urban Location (1982) expressed reservations about letting market criteria guide the location of industry and human settlements. His last attempt at an econometric model suggested a theoretical compromise between Keynes and Friedman, believing in short-term Keynesianism but that, in the long-term the size of the public sector had to be wound back. He framed the period between 1945 and 1973 as one of economic boom, propelled by trade and investment flows rather than the successful application of Keynesian economics. The chapter ends with an appraisal of his life and career. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd
Slaying the Doomsayers
No full textThis chapter considers how Colin Clark confronted the 1970s zeitgeist of doom-laden prophecies revolving around resource depletion, population growth and pollution. Over his life Clark had seen several prophets of doom come and go, invariably telling people that the world was running out of food, resources, water, land or energy. He sought to overturn this prevailing mood of negativity by scientific and empirical persuasion. He believed it was important to confront such prophecy since widespread disillusion about the Earth’s future, coupled with a low level of scientific education, spread anxiety about the future and lay behind falling birth-rates. Besides contesting many of the claims by the zero population growth movement, Clark also confronted the Club of Rome on its environmental pessimism and preconceived idea of food production falling behind population growth and related fears of the world ‘running out’ of resources. It irritated Clark that much of this literature of environmental doom and over-population had all been rebutted in the past. Since 1964 Clark had been involved in the early stages of discussions that would culminate in the 1968 Papal Encyclical on birth control which banned Catholics from practicing artificial forms of contraception. It was argued that Clark’s work on the Papal Commission damaged his academic objectivity. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd
Macroeconomics and the Pursuit of Ruralism
No full textThis chapter looks at Colin Clark’s growing disconnect with conventional economics, including proposals for a rural nirvana and opposition to tariff protection and wage rigidity. Clark disagreed with post-war planners’ dreams of an industrial Australia and considered that prospects of becoming a net exporter of manufactures unrealistic given prevailing conditions. Clark wanted Australia to reduce its tariffs to kill off inefficient industries and free resources for more productive ends. In 1942 Clark became the unofficial economic advisor to B. A. Santamaria and his National Catholic Rural Movement (NCRM). Consistent with the NCRM’s philosophy, he proposed an extraordinary migrant co-operative land settlement plan for Queensland. It envisaged the formation of settler co-operatives to allow the creation of farming communities supporting some 250,000 European settlers on the agricultural and pastoral areas of the state. Given his belief that Australia’s inflation problem was due to excessive taxation he favoured lower public spending, especially on welfare. Higher taxes simply led to demands for higher wages which employers would willingly grant. This meant that wages rose faster than real production, causing prices to rise and perpetuating inflation. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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