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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Verb-linking and Events in Syntax: The Case of Uyghur -(i)p Constructions
No full textThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2019This dissertation explores the syntactic structures of Uyghur multi-verb constructions formed using the verb-linking -(i)p suffix. In such constructions, only the final verb is inflected for tense, and -(i)p attaches to all non-final verbs in lieu of tense inflection. I demonstrate that not all -(i)p constructions share a uniform structure; instead, they are formed through a variety of structural configurations. The common element to the different analyses I propose is that the -(i)p suffix overtly realizes an Event head outside the verbal domain or an Inner Aspect head within the verbal domain whenever a structural configuration blocks one verb’s access from Tense inflection. An Event Phrase contains a verb, all of its arguments, and manner adverbs while an InnerAspect Phrase contains only a lexical verb root, its internal arguments, and a verbalizing layer. Insertion of -(i)p in the Event or InnerAspect head allows multiple verbs to appear in one clause in Uyghur by satisfying the morphological inflection requirement of verbs that are otherwise unable to inflect. When two lexical verbs are linked by -(i)p, the construction is formed by either adjunction or coordination. In one type of construction, -(i)p heads either an Event or InnnerAspect Phrase that adjoins to the projection of the final, tense-inflected verb. The verb suffixed by -(i)p provides information about the manner in which the action denoted by the tense-inflected verb is performed. In another type of construction, -(i)p heads the first conjunct of a coordination structure consisting of two Event Phrases or even Tense Phrases, which yields a sequential or simultaneous reading of multiple events. A limited number of Uyghur verbs can be semantically bleached when preceded by -(i)p, contributing information about the aspectual characteristics of the event described by the -(i)p-suffixed verb and/or the manner in which the event is performed. Bleached verbs come in two varieties: 1) overt Voice heads selecting an InnerAspect Phrase headed by -(i)p as their complement; or 2) Auxiliary heads selecting an Event Phrase headed by -(i)p as their complement. The former type of bleached verb contributes to readings expressing completion and adds information about how an agent performed the action. The latter type either express iteration of an action or a change of state. In -(i)p constructions in which the final verb is bleached, it is possible to negate the lexical verb, the bleached verb, or both verbs. I demonstrate that despite the negation possibilities, -(i)p constructions in which one verb is bleached are always monoclausal, and negation can be merged at any point in the clause where it can select a verbal complement. The findings in this dissertation provide novel evidence for two event-related syntactic projections, and show that they can play a crucial role in allowing multiple verbs to appear within a clause. The study also demonstrates that there is no uniform syntactic structure for serial verb constructions. Instead, the way serial verb or other multi-verb constructions are formed is constrained by event structure. In light of the analyses proposed here, the key difference between multi-verb constructions in Uyghur and verb serialization in other languages is that Uyghur verbs require inflection, and Uyghur has a strategy available using event-related functional heads to provide inflection to tense-less verbs
Evidence for DP in Chinese from Reduplicative Classifiers and DP-Internal Information Structural Phenomena
Get PDFThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2018This dissertation argues in favor of the Universal DP Hypothesis, which claims that all languages have DPs which contain extended functional projections above the NP, as opposed to the Parameterized DP Hypothesis, which argues that only languages with overt articles project DPs, and languages without overt articles have NPs as nominal arguments. I mainly focus on three kinds of data: classifier reduplication, topic and focus within DP, and modifying phrasal constituents. The first type of evidence is reduplicative classifiers. In order to make a case for functional projections above NP and the Universal DP Hypothesis, I adopt Travis’ (2001, 2003) framework to account for two types of classifier reduplication within the Chinese nominal. First, plural reduplication moves a Cl to NUM and creates a copy of it at NUM head. Second, the “Each/Every” type of reduplication in Cantonese can occur without a preceding sentential topic or adverbial because of CL-to-D movement. The moved classifier takes on the function of a determiner and becomes an outer layer of restriction for the quantifier following it. This also corroborates my thesis that the DP layer exists in Chinese. The reduplication facts shown in this chapter also demonstrate that extended functional layers exist above the NP. This suggests that the Universal DP Hypothesis is correct. The second type of evidence is topic and focus within DP. I mainly study the non-canonical NP-Num-CL order (NP Inversion) and NP Ellipsis. For NP Inversion, I followed Simpson (2005), Lin (2010), Hsu (2012) in claiming that the non-canonical NP-Num-CL order is derived through movement of NP to the left periphery of DP. I showed that the competing analysis presented by Tang (1996), which argues that the NP and [Num-CL] are in a predication relation, is problematic. In particular, that analysis predicts that [NP Num-CL] sequences only appear in clause-final position. I showed that this prediction is not borne out. For NP Ellipsis, I adopted Ntelitheos’ (2003) (see also Corver and van Koppen 2009) proposal and treats nominal ellipsis as DP-internal topicalization followed by movement of the focused remnant XP. This proposal resolves the shortcomings of empty category approaches to ellipsis like Lobeck (1995), while making the case that nominal ellipsis involves discourse-related projections just like verbal ellipsis (Johnson 2001). I showed that NP Ellipsis in Chinese is also PF deletion of [spec, DTopP] at the left edge of DP. However, since Lin (2010) has shown that NP can transformationally move to [spec, CP] from inside the DP, it was also important to show that the PF deletion of NP happens at the left edge of DP, and not CP. Consequently, I showed that NP-Ellipsis happens at the left edge of DP by demonstrating that movement of NP to the left periphery is subject to the Complex NP Constraint. The above arguments offer clear evidence that there are information structure related positions in DP. Finally, I argue that by assuming a DP-left periphery, we can not only account for the high and low positions for modifying constituents in the Chinese DP, and also relative order of APs and RCs that modify nouns. I follow den Dikken & Singhapreecha’s (2004) Predicate Inversion approach to modifying constituents in Chinese. It’s been found that grounding relative clauses or APs must appear before their non-grounding counterparts. I argue that in Mandarin, DE is the spell out of n, DFoc, and DTop. The two DEs have different functions. DE in DTop expresses specificity, definiteness, or genericity. DE in n carries a nominalizing meaning. Phrasal constituents are base-generated low as small clause predicates contained inside nP. They move to [spec, nP] to check [Nom]. If information structure is involved, they will move further to [spec, DTopP] (for grounding phrasal constituents) or [spec, DFocP] (for non-grounding phrasal constituents), Therefore, even though Chinese does not have overt determiners, an unpronounced D layer can still be detected by observing the effects they have on modifying constituents. I therefore conclude that Chinese nominals exhibit the same properties as languages with a determiner
The diachronic development of passive constructions from Archaic Chinese to Modern Mandarin
No full textThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2015-12In this dissertation, I study the diachronic development of passive construction from Archaic Chinese to Modern Mandarin. I classify the passive forms into two major groups: 1) the monoclausal passive. 2) the biclausal passive. I propose that the monoclausal passive is similar to English-type passive constructions in that they involve a defective passive light verb. This type of passive can be traced back to the JIAN passive in Archaic Chinese. The Middle Chinese agentless BEI passive and Modern Mandarin short passive have the same structure as the JIAN passive. These three constructions can be viewed as three manifestations of a same recurring pattern. The biclausal passive developed from the Archaic Chinese WEI construction, which I analyze as a copula construction. The WEI construction was later reanalyzed as the WEI…SUO passive in Middle Chinese. I propose that the WEI…SUO passive has the same structure as the Modern Mandarin long passive. I propose that the dichotomy of Mandarin Chinese passive constructions can be naturally traced back to their Archaic Chinese sources. Their distinct sources and diachronic developments endowed them with different syntactic properties. They developed independently along two distinct lines. These two distinct lines of development, however, are shown to be governed by the same principles in Minimalist Syntax
Rethinking the syntactic constraints on Fuzhou tone sandhi: a Distributed Morphology-based approach
Get PDFThesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2012The tone sandhi patterns of Fuzhou are sensitive to grammatical relations that hold between elements of an intonational phrase, more so than in any other dialect of Chinese. Hung (1987) noted that Fuzhou tone sandhi observed a rigid pattern of semantico-syntactic constraints, generalizing that modifiers preceding heads and arguments following heads will together form a tone sandhi domain, but not modifiers that follow heads or arguments that precede heads. A decade later, Chan (1998) argues for the merits of a lexical-government based account of the phenomenon, aiming toward a explanation more strictly based on syntactic structure. Contra Chan, I approach the problem of Fuzhou tone sandhi from the perspective of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz (1993)), and argue that presence of Fuzhou tone sandhi is a result of the two elements in question forming a single morphosyntactic word, either syntactically (through compounding) or post-syntactically (through morphological merger). New evidence on consonant sandhi--whose licensing conditions are similar to but more constrained than those of tone sandhi--is considered alongside the tone sandhi facts, and supports the hypothesis that there are indeed multiple word-formation processes at work. This new theory correctly predicts the presence of sandhi between manner adverbs and verbs, verbs and bare nouns, adjectives and nouns, as well as between any two elements of a canonical compound. It also correctly predicts the absence of sandhi between subjects and verbs, sentential adverbs and verbs, as well as between verbs and either quantified or non-logical objects. References Chan, Lee-Lee. 1998. Fuzhou Tone Sandhi. Dissertation, University of California, San Diego. Halle, M., and A. Marantz. 1993. 'Distributed Morphology and the pieces of inflection,' in K. Hale and S. J. Keyser, (eds.) The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 111-176. Hung, Tony T.N. 1992. Syntactico-semantic conditions on Fuzhou Tone Sandhi. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, v. 20 (1
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Focus Structure in Modern Standard Estonian
No full textDiscourse configurational languages show a bewildering variety of word orders dictated less by word class or case than by the pragmatic roles of information in the sentence. Within the field of generative syntax Kiss (1995) models this order through the use of a focus phrase (FP) which takes as its specifier a focused constituent that undergoes movement from its base generated position. Ehala (2006) argues that the underlying word order of Modern Standard Estonian -- a discourse configurational language -- is SIOV, but does not present evidence for a complete picture of the necessary movement within a generative theory. Considering further data presented by Mati (1993) I argue that languages such as Estonian use the FP, generated under the CP, to code wide focus through transformational movement. Other phenomena such as a prevalent V2 ordering and sentence final narrow focus can be described using the FP
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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