64 research outputs found
Consuming the jihad : an enquiry into the subculture of internet jihadism
No full textRecent years have seen a great deal of interest in phenomena such as Al Qaida ‘terrorism’, Islamic ‘radicalism’ or, increasingly, ‘jihadism’ - on the Internet. However, as I argue in this thesis, much work in these areas has been problematic for a number of reasons. Much literature has been narrowly focused on the security issues which it pre-judges the content to raise, and has therefore taken some aspects too literally while ignoring others. Conversely,
where authors have addressed ‘jihadi’ content or ‘electronic jihad’ as a phenomenon unto itself, they have had difficulty making sense of it within religious studies or political communication frameworks. In this dissertation, I propose an alternative approach. Deliberately eschewing frameworks based on pre-existing conceptions of religion or politics, I draw, instead, on the academic literature on fandom and subcultural media consumption.
Using this conceptual lens, I attempt to analyse jihadism on the Internet (which I define in terms of online consumption of, and identification with self-described ‘jihadi’ content) as a subcultural phenomenon on its own terms. I argue that, without necessarily denying the role that beliefs and ideals expressed in ‘jihadi’ content may sometimes have in sustaining the
physical violence of the ‘global jihad’, the cultural practices which constitute Internet
jihadism have a tactical logic of their own which may not always coincide with the ‘strategic’ interests of ‘global jihad’. By better understanding what ‘ordinary' jihadis, most of whom will never participate in violence, get out of their practices, and how they negotiate the apparent contradictions of their situation, I suggest that we may be better placed to understand not only why some jihadis ‘fail’ to negotiate these contradictions, but also,
perhaps, to raise questions about how popular media consumption works more generally
The Aesthetics, Sanctity, and Utility of Jihad in the Earliest Biography of Muhammad
Full text linkThis thesis is an examination of the way jihad is portrayed in the earliest surviving biography of Muhammad. Sirat Rasul Allah is the oldest most complete biography of Muhammad to which we still have access to today, and in this biography wars, raids, and other violent acts are treated as something that is morally good, beautiful, and rewarded. To engage in violence, war, and raids, on behalf of Allah, is seen as a mark of the pious, courageous, and noble-born. Jiha is also seen as Allah’s punishment of the wicked and those who enact jihad are depicted as being directly controlled by Allah when partaking in those actions. To avoid engaging in jihad is synonymous with being a hypocrite, coward, and base-born. The acts of jihad are praised as beautiful throughout the text. Those participating in jihad are rewarded both on earth and in heaven. In defense of this thesis the author quotes directly from Sirat Rasul Allah, looking extensively at the text itself. This is done in three sections. The first section looks at the metaphysical and ontological structure of morality that allows for jihad within Sirat Rasul Allah. The next section uses direct quotes to demonstrate that jihad is portayed as beautiful. This section is then followed by a final section showing how jihad is rewarded on earth and in heaven
Beberapa Isu Haraki di dalam Karya-karya Hadis Sayyid Muhammad Nuh
Full text linkSayyid Muhammad Nuh is a prominent ‘haraki’ figure and has produced a number of works in the field of hadith studies. He has been involved in the dakwa movement of the Muslim Brotherhood which influenced his approach in the production of his works, in terms of the ‘haraki manhaj’ and methods. Almost all the works of Sayyid Muhammad Nuh emphasized issues of dakwa and tarbiyah, whether in the field of tafsir, hadith, history and issues of the Muslims’ society. Moreover, the issues that he highlighted were practical and the application of ‘haraki’ approach in production of writings brought about significant lesson to the dakwa movement, including the ones in the field of hadith. The author presents three of his works in the field of hadith which have been among the most referred and widely read in the dakwa circle, including the dakwa movement in Malaysia. His selected works in the field of hadith are ‘Tawjihat of the Prophet `ala al-Tariq’ (Hadiths of Guidance on the Dakwa Path), ‘Manhaj al -Rasul fi Ghars Ruh al-Jihad fi Nufus Ashabih’ (The Messenger’s Approach in Inspiring Spirit of al-Jihad in the Companions), and ‘Min Akhlaq al-Nasr fi Jiyl al-Sahabah’ (Winning Attitudes in the Generation of the Companions). Through this article, the authors highlights a number of ‘haraki’ issues based on the works of Sayyid Muhammad Nuh and the important lessons that he has highlighted for the people of dakwa in facing the dakwa path, based on the hadith of the Messenger
Conversion of African Americans to Islam : a sociological analysis of the Nation of Islam and associated groups
Full text link'Conversion of African Americans to Islam: A Sociological Analysis of the Nation of
Islam Associated groups' is an empirical study of the religious experience of people
who had/have distinctive features in terms of race, ethnicity and historical experience.
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how African Americans' (AAs) conversion
experience in general, and the Nation of Islam associated groups' conversion in
particular, differ from the studies of recruitment and conversion in the sociology of
religion and New Religion Movements (NRMs). More specifically, their recruitment
and conversion experiences to Islam diverge from those who converted to mainstream
Islam. The study investigates how AAs' historical experience, soci-economic
difficulties and the racism they encountered shaped and influenced their religious
understanding.
Research methods involved participant observations, a survey questionnaire, interviews,
conversations, personal communications and correspondence. To collect ethnographic
data eleven months field research was conducted mainly in the Chicago area and on two
short visits to Detroit, and three years continued communications with Muslim officials
and academics in the area. During the field research and afterwards through personal
communication 181 survey questionnaire responses were received, and 23 Muslim
officials, academics and ordinary Muslims were interviewed through semi-structured,
unstructured interviews, conversation and correspondence.
The thesis begins with a brief history of Islam and Muslims in general and the African
American Muslims (AAMs) in particular. More emphasis is given on the historical
development of the Nation of Islam (NOl). Then in Chapter III, discussions of schisms
in the history of the NOT are examined from sociological perspectives of social and
religious movements. In Chapter IV I aimed to formulate my own perspective to
analyse and study the conversion experiences of AAMs to Islam. I used a multivariate
approach, considering selectively widely held conversion and recruitment theories in the
sociology of the religion. I consider in Chapter V the predisposing conditions for AAMs
that influence their decision-making to join in the NOT, for example, political and
nationalistic sentiments and socio-economic deprivations. In Chapter VI I have applied
different terms to describe their religious experiences, such as conversion, alteration and
reversion. I have analysed further their encounters with the NOT, the methods of
recruitment they used and their major motives for joining the NOT and converting to
Tslam. In the concluding chapters (Chapter VII VTTT) I describe the different responses
of AAMS to Islam following the death of Elijah Muhammad. It is found out that the
Islamic appeal has polarised. While Farakhan's NOT appeared to continue the tradition
and style of the old NOI with the emphasis on nationalistic and socio-economic factors,
Tmam W. D. Mohammed's community turned more to the religious and spiritual aspects
of Tslam. These different approaches led to a polarisation of the appeal of Tslam to
AAMS.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in four key areas; the sociology of religion and
religious movements, the sociology of social and nationalistic movements, religious and
Islamic studies
REKONSTRUKSI JIHAD DALAM TAFSIR IBN ‘AJĪBAH: STUDI ATAS TAFSĪR AL-BAḤR AL-MADĪD FĪ TAFSĪR AL-QUR’ĀN AL-MAJĪD
No full textThe essence of jihad as a doctrine that has an orientation to present the ethical system of a group of people who are awareof the importance of justice is often not created, this cannot be denied because of the stagnation that occurs when reading the Qur'an only prioritizing textuality. This gap gives rise to behaviors that seem anarchic, intolerant, and destructive. Therefore, to encourage a contextual, dynamic and tolerant interpretation of jihadist verses, deradicalization efforts are needed, and one of these efforts is the dissemination of religious literature that supports this spirit. Sufis are one of the groups that formulate interpretations of jihad verses with peaceful meanings. This research tries to raise Ibn ‘Ajībah's interpretation of jihad verses in his book Al-Baḥr Al-Madīd fī Tafsīr Al-Qur`ān Al-Majīd. The author reveals the essence and method of interpreting verses about jihad in Al-Baḥr Al-Madīd fī Tafsīr Al-Qur`ān Al-Majīd, as well as their significance for deradicalization efforts, which means for the understanding of religious texts in Indonesia today. Ibn ‘Ajībah's view of jihad can be summed up in two ways, namely the meaning of peaceful jihad and the meaning of armed jihad. In other words, Ibn ‘Ajībah's reading uses the irfān epistemology, based on the bayān epistemology. The significance of the verses of Jihad in Al-Baḥr Al-Madīd fī Tafsīr Al-Qur`ān Al-Majīd can be seen in terms of its method and content. From a methodological point of view, Ibn ‘Ajībah's interpretation is important because it offers an open, contextual model of meaning. In terms of content, Ibn ‘Ajībah's interpretation of jihad verses shows that jihad is not something revolutionary and radical, its meaning is very important to inform the public that jihad means more than just war and violence
JIHAD IN THE QUR'AN; IMPLEMENTATION OF FAZLUR RAHMAN’S METHODOLOGY FOR INTERPRETATION OF WAR VERSES IN THE QUR'AN
Full text linkThis research is a library research, which examines the verses of jihad using the
Double Movement Fazlur Rahman method. This research begin with the many
misunderstandings about the order of war (qitāl) contained in the Qur'an which
still often occurs in various circles, both from Western observers (orientalists) or
among Muslims themselves. This research also aims to criticize the perspective of
the Western world which thinks that Islam is a religion that likes violence. So the
purpose of this research is; first, to find out Fazlur Rahman's methodology.
Second, to find out the meaning of qitāl in the Qur'an. Third, to contextualize the
qitāl verses by using the Double Movement method. From this research the author
finds that Rahman emphasizes the importance of understanding the Qur'an as a
whole and becoming a unified whole. Rahman also distinguishes between general
laws (principles) and temporal laws, and emphasizes the importance of
considering the context in order to understand the Qur'an properly. Then by
applying the Double Movement method, the author finds the general principles
contained in the qitāl verses, namely: first, the command to jihad in the way of
Allah swt. Second, the command to always be aware of the enemies of Islam.
Third, the command to defend Islam with all the body and soul from all threats
from the enemies of Islam that come. Fourth, provide understanding to mankind
that Islam is not a religion of violence, but a religion of gentleness and rahmatan
lil alamīn. From this it can be proven that the meaning of jihad is not limited to
war, in the present context, jihad has a much broader meaning, such as jihad
against poverty, corruption, and media propaganda
“Slicing Off the Tumour”: The History of Global Jihad in Nigeria, as Narrated by the Islamic State
Full text linkThis paper provides a detailed summary and analysis of “Slicing Off the Tumour,” a text written by two sons of Muhammad Yusuf (d. 2009), founder of the Nigerian Jihadi movement known as “Boko Haram,” and recently (2018) published by the Islamic State. The paper argues that although obviously biased, this book provides important insights into the history of Jihad in Nigeria as seen through the lenses of Global Jihadi actors, which the analysts should not dismiss. In the conclusion, the author questions the heuristic usefulness of the term “Boko Haram” in the literature on local and global manifestations of Jihad in contemporary Nigeria. Finally, the author locates his position in the recent debate around the nature of the global links entertained by Nigerian Jihadi actors and around the role of these links in the development of the “Boko Haram phenomenon.
TAFSIR AYAT-AYAT PLURALISME AGAMA PERSPEKTIF HUSEIN MUHAMMAD
Full text linkThis paper aims to show Husein Muhammad's interpretation on verses related to religious pluralism. To achieve that purpose, the author uses the hermeneutic method of liberation by Farid Esack which wants to show the relationship between the text of the Qur’an and the context of the relationship between religious believers, which will then build justice based on human values. The key to Farid Esack's hermeneutics relates to piety, monotheism, relationships between humans, the oppressed, justice and concrete practices as a form of struggle (jihad) to humanize humans. The conclusion of this paper shows that Husein Muhammad has a very tolerant, wise and full of wisdom in conveying the meaning of religious pluralism verses. He believes that the messages in the Qur’an act as a guide to uphold human values. So that, the verse of religious pluralism requires for an equal position of religious people as God's creatures. There is no justification for certain religious communities which is the most right or which is clearly wrong.Keywords: Religious Pluralism, Husein Muhammad. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memperlihatkan penafsiran Husein Muhammad atas ayat-ayat yang terkait dengan tema pluralisme agama. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penulis menggunakan metode hermeneutika pembebasan Farid Esack yang ingin memperlihatkan relasi antara teks Alquran dengan konteks hubungan antarumat beragama, yang kemudian akan membangun keadilan berdasarkan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Kunci hermeneutika Farid Esack berkaitan dengan takwa, tauhid, hubungan antarsesama manusia, golongan yang tertindas, keadilan serta praktik konkret sebagai bentuk perjuangan (jihad) memanusiakan manusia. Kesimpulan dari tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa Husein Muhammad memiliki pandangan yang amat toleran, bijak dan penuh hikmah dalam menyampaikan makna atas ayat-ayat pluralisme agama. Ia meyakini bahwa pesan-pesan dalam Alquran berperan sebagai pembawa petunjuk untuk menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Sehingga, ayat pluralisme agama menghendaki adanya kesamaan kedudukan umat beragama sebagai makhluk Tuhan. Tidak ada justifikasi atas umat agama tertentu yang paling benar atau yang jelas salah.Kata Kunci: Pluralisme agama, Husein Muhammad
PENDEKATAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP JIHAD DAN TERORISME
No full textAbstract: There is a presumption of some circles of non-Muslims that Muslims are the spreader of terrors and terrorism throughout the world through the implementation of the concept of jihād. This assumption seemed to be justified the emerging terrorism cases involving Muslim actors, such as suicide bombings. This paper aims to clarify the issue by critically scrutinizing the true meaning of jihād rooted both in the holy book the al-Qur’an and sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. Socio-historical approach is applied to better understand the holistic context of the meaning of jihād concept in both sources of Islamic teachings. The author concludes that the presumption is a misconception resulting from ignorance of certain parties about the true meaning of jihād in Islam. There is also a possibility that the misunderstanding is intentional, because the motives of abusing the dignity of Islamic teachings, especially about jihād. Abstrak: Pada sebagian kalangan non-muslim terdapat anggapan bahwa orang Islam adalah penyebar teror dan terorisme di seluruh dunia melalui implementasi konsep jihād. Anggapan itu seolah mendapatkan pembenaran dengan munculnya kasus-kasus terorisme yang melibatkan pelaku-pelaku muslim, seperti bom bunuh diri. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengklarifikasi masalah tersebut dengan cara menelisik secara kritis pemaknaan jihād yang sebenarnya baik yang termaktub dalam kitab suci al-Qur’an maupun sunnah Nabi Muhammad saw. Pendekatan sosial-historis diterapkan untuk lebih memahami konteks holistik bagi pemaknaan konsep jihad dalam dua sumber ajaran Islam itu. Penulis berkesimpulan bahwa anggapan tersebut adalah suatu kesalahpahaman akibat dari ketidaktahuan pihak-pihak tertentu tentang makna jihād yang sebenarnya dalam Islam. Tidak tertutup kemungkinan bahwa kesalahpahaman itu disengaja, karena adanya motif-motif untuk mencederai keluhuran ajaran Islam, khususnya tentang jihād.</p
Taḥlīlu Ma’āniy Kalimati al Jihādi fī Aḥādiṡi Ṣaḥiḥi al Bukhāri
No full textThe purpose of this study is to: find out the sentence jihad in the sahih bukhori hadith and parts of the jihad sentence in the sahih bukhori hadith, and to be able to find out what the meaning of the jihad sentence in the sahih bukhori hadith is. This type of research is qualitative in nature and the data sources used in this study are taken from library materials such as books, books, journals, and other types of library sources, which are related to hadiths about jihad. The data collection technique used is the Data Analysis Technique, the author uses a descriptive method, to analyze the research data, namely by: The researcher reads several hadiths on the theme of jihad, the researcher chooses sentences that contain jihad in the hadith about jihad, the researcher collects the hadiths that contain the sentence jihad, Researchers classify the types of jihad from the book of hadith Sahih Bukhari. The findings of this study are in accordance with the data that has been collected that the meaning of the sentence jihad in the sahih bukhori hadith is not only about war against infidels but in the book it also explains about fighting lust, fighting polytheists, and fighting wrongdoers. And so is the wisdom of each of these hadiths that they are different and need to be assisted with syarah from the Sahih bukhori hadith book so that there are no mistakes in the wisdo
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