1,721,008 research outputs found
Lyperia tristis
No full text<i>3.7. Lyperia tristis</i> <p> Dry material from the voucher (1080 mg) was blended with hot EtOH (10 ml), left to stand for 8 days, and treated as above to give after concentration 67 mg residue. The 1 H NMR data were obtained directly from this extract, re-dissolved in CD 3 OD (see SI). The presence of aucubin (<b>2</b>) and melittoside (<b>3</b>) could be confirmed.</p>Published as part of <i>Gousiadou, Chryssoula, Kokubun, Tetsuo, Albach, Dirk C., Gotfredsen, Charlotte H. & Jensen, Søren Rosendal, 2019, Iridoid glucosides in the genus Sutera (Scrophulariaceae) as chemotaxonomic markers in tribe Limoselleae, pp. 149-155 in Phytochemistry 158</i> on page 154, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.021, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10481450">http://zenodo.org/record/10481450</a>
Microdon dubius
No full text<i>3.8. Microdon dubius</i> <p> Dry material from the voucher (720 mg) was treated as under 3.7 to give after concentration 47 mg residue. The 1 H NMR data (see SI) were obtained directly from this extract, re-dissolved in CD 3 OD</p>Published as part of <i>Gousiadou, Chryssoula, Kokubun, Tetsuo, Albach, Dirk C., Gotfredsen, Charlotte H. & Jensen, Søren Rosendal, 2019, Iridoid glucosides in the genus Sutera (Scrophulariaceae) as chemotaxonomic markers in tribe Limoselleae, pp. 149-155 in Phytochemistry 158</i> on page 154, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.021, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10481450">http://zenodo.org/record/10481450</a>
Melanospermum transvaalense
No full text<i>3.6. Melanospermum transvaalense</i> <p> Dry whole plants (11 g) were blended with hot EtOH (100 ml), left to stand for 11 days, and treated as above to give after concentration 1.90 g residue. Chromatography gave: sugars (140 mg), aucubin (<b>2</b>, 10 mg), impure geniposidic acid (<b>7</b>, 20 mg), impure mussaenosidic acid (<b>6</b>, 10 mg), bartsioside (<b>1</b>, 25 mg), plantarenaloside (<b>5</b>, 380 mg) and verbascoside (<b>15</b>, 40 mg).</p>Published as part of <i>Gousiadou, Chryssoula, Kokubun, Tetsuo, Albach, Dirk C., Gotfredsen, Charlotte H. & Jensen, Søren Rosendal, 2019, Iridoid glucosides in the genus Sutera (Scrophulariaceae) as chemotaxonomic markers in tribe Limoselleae, pp. 149-155 in Phytochemistry 158</i> on page 153, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.021, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10481450">http://zenodo.org/record/10481450</a>
Sutera foetida
No full text<i>3.4. Sutera foetida</i> <p> Fresh plants (81 g) were blended with EtOH (300 ml) and treated as above to give after concentration 2.23 g residue. Chromatography gave: sugars (1.1 g), a fraction with mainly cachineside I (<b>9</b>, 14 mg), secologanoside (<b>14</b>, 18 mg), sinapoyl glucoside (<b>20</b>, 24 mg), 5-deoxystansioside (<b>8</b>, 230 mg), 7-deoxyloganic acid (<b>10</b>, 35 mg), verbascoside (<b>15</b>, 65 mg) and a fraction (90 mg) which was further separated with repeated C 18 HPLC first with linear gradient of MeOH–H 2 O, 40:60–100:0 over 20 min, <i>t</i> R 17.3 min, then with MeCN-H 2 O, 35:65, isocratic, <i>t</i> R 12.3 min, to give pure suterolide (<b>21</b>, 2.3 mg).</p>Published as part of <i>Gousiadou, Chryssoula, Kokubun, Tetsuo, Albach, Dirk C., Gotfredsen, Charlotte H. & Jensen, Søren Rosendal, 2019, Iridoid glucosides in the genus Sutera (Scrophulariaceae) as chemotaxonomic markers in tribe Limoselleae, pp. 149-155 in Phytochemistry 158</i> on page 153, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.021, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10481450">http://zenodo.org/record/10481450</a>
Lyperia (Sutera) antirrhinoides
No full text<i>3.3. Lyperia (Sutera) antirrhinoides</i> <p> Frozen plants (100 g) were blended with EtOH (300 ml) filtered and taken to dryness, and partitioned between H 2 O and Et 2 O. The aqueous phase was concentrated (1.6 g) and subjected to C 18 reverse-phase chromatography (Lobar size C), eluting with MeOH–H 2 O mixtures. Aucubin (<b>2</b>) and melittoside (<b>3</b>) was eluted with 25:1 while 8- <i>O-</i> acetylharpagide (<b>4</b>) was eluted with 3:1. Unfortunately the amounts of the isolated compounds were not recorded. NMR spectra of the compounds are given in SI.</p>Published as part of <i>Gousiadou, Chryssoula, Kokubun, Tetsuo, Albach, Dirk C., Gotfredsen, Charlotte H. & Jensen, Søren Rosendal, 2019, Iridoid glucosides in the genus Sutera (Scrophulariaceae) as chemotaxonomic markers in tribe Limoselleae, pp. 149-155 in Phytochemistry 158</i> on page 153, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.021, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10481450">http://zenodo.org/record/10481450</a>
Sutera cordata
No full text<i>3.5. Sutera cordata</i> <p> Fresh plants (43 g) were blended with EtOH (200 ml) and treated as above to give after concentration 1.57 g residue. Chromatography gave: a fraction containing mainly secologanoside (<b>14</b>, 520 mg), a fraction with mainly secologanic acid (<b>13</b>, 70 mg), a mixture (1:1) of sweroside (<b>12</b>) and villoside (<b>11</b>) (33 mg), echinacoside (<b>16</b>, 22 mg), followed by fractions (total 300 mg) which were repeatedly chromatographed over C 18 HPLC (MeCN-H 2 O) to yield: tubuloside A (<b>18</b>, MeCN–H 2 O 15:85, 2 mg) and 2′′′′-acetyl angoroside A (<b>19</b>, MeCN–H 2 O 21:79, 6 mg), both in a semi-pure state. Villoside (<b>11</b>, 5.9 mg) and sweroside (<b>12</b>, 6.0 mg) were separated by HPLC with MeCN-H 2 O (20:80). Pure samples of (<b>13</b>, 20.8 mg) and (<b>14</b>, 5.2 mg) were also obtained with MeCN-H 2 O gradient (17:83 → 85:15, v/v, over 15 min).</p>Published as part of <i>Gousiadou, Chryssoula, Kokubun, Tetsuo, Albach, Dirk C., Gotfredsen, Charlotte H. & Jensen, Søren Rosendal, 2019, Iridoid glucosides in the genus Sutera (Scrophulariaceae) as chemotaxonomic markers in tribe Limoselleae, pp. 149-155 in Phytochemistry 158</i> on page 153, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.021, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10481450">http://zenodo.org/record/10481450</a>
Mecanismos evolutivos, filogenia y taxonomía de Veronica subsect. Pentasepalae Benth. (Veronica L., Plantaginaceae sensu APG III)
Get PDF[ES] Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio biosistemático de Veronica subsect. Pentasepalae Benth. con el fin de comprobar la monofilia de la subsección, aclarar las relaciones filogenéticas entre las especies y evaluar el papel que la hibridación y la poliploidía han podido jugar en la historia evolutiva del grupo. Para ello se han utilizado datos morfológicos, biogeográficos, de secuencias de ADN (nucleares y plastidiales) y de niveles de ploidía. Los análisis de secuencias de ADN demuestran que V. subsect. Pentasepalae constituye un linaje monofilético y revelan la existencia de cinco clados que se corresponden con amplias regiones geográficas. Se ha encontrado un alto grado de incongruencia entre los sets de datos de ADN nuclear y plastidial, que puede deberse a hibridación poliploide, separación incompleta de linajes o a una combinación de ambas causas. El análisis de secuencias ITS permite el reconocimiento de 11 especies monofiléticas (10 diploides y una tetraploide), previamente descritas sobre la base de caracteres morfológicos. Los análisis filogenéticos ponen de manifiesto que V. orsiniana, en su circunscripción actual, es polifilética, lo cual se encuentra apoyado por caracteres morfológicos y biogeográficos. Por ello, se propone tratar a las poblaciones de la Península de los Balcanes como una especie diferente y utilizar para ella el nombre V. kindlii, mientras que el nombre V. orsiniana se reserva para las poblaciones distribuidas por Italia, sur de Francia y norte de España. La relación de grupo hermano encontrada entre V. orbiculata A. Kern. y las poblaciones italianas de V. orsiniana sugiere la existencia de contactos pasados en el área anfiadriática. Los análisis filogenéticos de ADN nuclear demuestran que las poblaciones diploides de V. austriaca subsp. jacquinii (Baumg.) Watzl y de V. orbiculata constituyen dos linajes monofiléticos independientes. Por ello, consideramos que las poblaciones de morfología intermedia entre V. austriaca subsp. jacquinii y V. orbiculata son probablemente producto de la hibridación entre ambos taxones, en lugar de formas de transición distribuidas a lo largo de un gradiente de condiciones ecológicas. La cuantificación del contenido de ADN mediante citometría de flujo ha permitido estimar de forma indirecta el nivel de ploidía de 17 taxones de V. subsect. Pentasepalae (c. 960 individuos de 320 poblaciones). Se ha estimado por primera vez el nivel de ploidía de V. teucrioides (2x). En cuanto a V. orbiculata, considerada únicamente tetraploide, se han hallado poblaciones diploides, así como poblaciones mixtas en las que están representados ambos citotipos. Además, se han encontrado por primera vez individuos tetraploides de V. rosea en Sobre la base de datos morfológicos, se propone elevar al rango específico V. kindlii var. linearis Bornm. y por tanto, la nueva combinación V. linearis (Bornm.) Rojas-Andrés & M.M.Mart.Ort., comb. et stat. nov. Se propone un tratamiento taxonómico de V. subsect. Pentasepalae en toda su área de distribución, basado en los datos morfológicos, biogeográficos, las estimaciones de niveles de ploidía y que es congruente con los resultados obtenidos de los análisis filogenéticos basados en secuencias de ADN. En total se reconocen 17 especies, cuatro subespecies y una variedad. La síntesis taxonómica resultante incluye una clave dicotómica de determinación de las especies, descripciones morfológicas detalladas, ilustraciones botánicas y mapas de distribución. Por último, se propone un tratamiento nomenclatural completo para V. subsect. Pentasepalae, que ha incluido el estudio crítico de unos 230 nombres. En total se han elegido 21 lectótipos, dos epítipos y un neótipo.[EN]A biosystematic study of Veronica subsect. Pentasepalae Benth. has been carried out, in order to test the monophyly of the subsection, clarify the phylogenetic relationships among species, and evaluate the role that hybridization and polyploidization might have had in the evolutionary history of the group. To this aim morphological, biogeographical, DNA sequence data (nuclear and plastid) and ploidy level information have been used. The phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences demonstrates that the subsection constitutes a monophyletic lineage. Five well-supported clades are recovered by ITS sequence analyses, corresponding to broad geographic areas. Extensive incongruence was found between the phylogenetic analyses obtained from nuclear and plastid DNA data sets, which are likely due to either incomplete lineage sorting, polyploid hybridization or to a combination of both. The ITS sequence analysis recovers 11 monophyletic species (10 diploid and one tetraploid), that had been identified previously based on morphological characters. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that V. orsiniana in its current circumscription, is not monophyletic, which is supported by morphological and biogeographical evidences. Thus, we propose to recognize the Balkan populations as a separate species and use the name V. kindlii for them. We reserve the name V. orsiniana for the plants distributed along a continuous area from northeastern Spain and southern France to Italy. A sister-group relationship between V. orbiculata A. Kern. and the Italian populations of V. orsiniana has been found, which suggest past contacts in the amphi-Adriatic area. The phylogenetic analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data recovers the diploid populations of V. austriaca subsp. jacquinii (Baumg.) Watzl and V. orbiculata as monophyletic unrelated taxonomic entities. Populations of intermediate morphology between V. austriaca subsp. jacquinii and V. orbiculata are probably the result of hybridization between both taxa, rather than transitional forms distributed along a gradient of ecological conditions. Genome size has been quantified by flow cytometry for 17 taxa belonging to V. subsect. Pentasepalae (c. 960 individuals from 320 populations), which allowed to estimate ploidy levels. DNA ploidy level for V. teucrioides is given for the first time (2x). Veronica orbiculata was considered to be a tetraploid species based on chromosome counts, but we found DNA contents suggesting a diploid level. Mixed ploidy populations of diploid and tetraploid individuals have also been discovered for this species. Additionally, tetraploid individuals of V. rosea have been found for the first time. Based on morphological characters it is considered that V. kindlii var. linearis Bornm. should be recognized at the specific rank. A new combination is proposed: V. linearis (Bornm.) Rojas-Andrés & M.M.Mart.Ort., comb. et stat. nov. We propose a complete and updated taxonomic treatment for V. subsect. Pentasepalae, based on morphological, biogeographical and ploidy level information. This treatment is also congruent with the phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequence data. In total, 17 species, four subspecies and one variety are recognized. The resulting taxonomic account includes a dichotomous identification key to the species, detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps. Finally, a complete nomenclatural treatment for V. subsect. Pentasepalae is proposed, which involved the critical study of c. 230 names. In total, twenty-one lectotypes, two epitypes and one neotype were selected
Functional trait dimensions of trophic metacommunities
No full textMetacommunity ecology currently lacks a consistent functional trait perspective across trophic levels. To foster new cross-taxa experiments and field studies, we present hypotheses on how three trait dimensions change along gradients of density of individuals, resource supply and habitat isolation. The movement dimension refers to the ability to move and navigate in space, the tolerance dimension addresses the ability to tolerate prevailing environmental conditions and the interaction dimension aggregates the abilities to acquire resources in competition with other species, to defend against consumers or to profit from other species by mutualism and facilitation. In multi-trophic studies, functionally analogous traits associated to these dimensions need to be defined across taxa and measured. The dimensions represent subnetworks of strongly correlated traits within the overall phenotypic trait network. These subnetworks can be aggregated to trait modules using dimension reduction techniques. We demonstrate how to derive dimensions from species distributions and trait correlation networks, using salt marshes as an example. We hypothesize that at the single-community scale, investments by organisms in the tolerance dimension increase with decreasing resource supply. Investments to the interaction dimension increase with increasing density. Communities with densely packed individuals are characterized by convergence under equal competition and by increasing divergence under stabilizing and equalizing competition. At the metacommunity scale, trade-offs between the movement dimension and the interaction dimension shape the community functional composition. Biomass removal by consumers act as an equalizing factor and increase divergence in the interaction and movement dimension, particularly in well-connected habitats. As future research directions to advance functional metacommunity ecology, we propose investigating 1) the feasibility of using dimensions as broad generalizations of multiple functions in different meta-ecosystems, 2) functional trait analogues across taxa, 3) dimension responses and effects on gradients of meta-ecosystems and 4) matching of functionally analogous traits between trophic levels
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