1,721,153 research outputs found
Educare alla sostenibilità a scuola. Prospettive pedagogiche di formazione interculturale e ecologica
No full textIl volume intende avviare una riflessione sulle sfide educative della contemporaneità, caratterizzata da crisi ambientali, educative e culturali interconnesse. L’obiettivo principale è proporre un modello formativo che integri sostenibilità e intercultura, promuovendo una formazione capace di orientare gli studenti verso una cittadinanza globale, responsabile e consapevole. Attraverso un approccio interdisciplinare, il testo esplora il ruolo della scuola come laboratorio di alfabetizzazione ecologica, evidenziando la necessità di coniugare educazione ambientale e interculturale per rispondere alle complessità del mondo attuale. Il primo capitolo offre una ricognizione empirica delle principali emergenze globali, climatiche ed educative della tarda modernità, riservando particolare attenzione alla scuola sostenibile e multiculturale. Il secondo capitolo è volto a indagare gli aspetti specifici di questi fenomeni attraverso il dialogo con le altre scienze. Il terzo capitolo, che rappresenta la fondazione pedagogica, mette in risalto la cura e la sostenibilità come fondamento etico dell’esistenza. Il quarto e il quinto capitolo si concentrano sul metodo educativo, riconoscendo la scuola come laboratorio di alfabetizzazione ecologica
Dealing with the unpredictable: the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on lease agreements in the Italian and Japanese legal systems
No full textLease contracts have been among the most affected by the economic effects of the pandemic in many countries around the world. Measures aimed at containing the virus and the economic crisis following Covid-19 impacted the solvency of individuals and businesses and restricted or prevented access to business premises for some time. This has resulted in delays and defaults in rent payment and claims for rent reduction. The Japanese and Italian legal systems have both addressed these issues by adopting different approaches. This article aims at comparing both systems, by testing the adequacy of the legal provisions in dealing with the consequences of the Covid-19 crisis. An important role in this regard has been played by the respective doctrines of changed circumstances. The article shows how the rules of the Italian legal system have not proved adequate, have brought about considerable litigation, which in turn has led to conflicting judgments. On the other hand, the Japanese legal system seems to have responded better, as litigation has been more limited and court decisions have been based on uniform principles and rules. The comparison of the two legal systems suggests that the best rules to govern supervening circumstances are those which favour a case-by case assessment and encourage spontaneous renegotiation of the contract. The article also raises the question of whether predictability should always be regarded as a value in our legal systems and whether the law is moving toward a more contextual approach
‘Discrete’ and ‘Relational’ Approaches in Implied Contractual Relationships. A Look at English, Japanese and Italian Law
No full textIn the commercial field, the practice of doing business through a series of fixed-term contracts that are renewed from time to time between the same parties,but not expressed in any framework contract, is a fairly frequent phenomenon – usually known as ‘implied contractual relationships’ or ‘implicit contracts’ – which, however, does not seem to be always recognised in the courtrooms of many legal systems. It is usually believed that a ‘discrete’ approach to the contract – to recall Macneil’s famous distinction between discrete and relational contracts – can more easily result in the non-recognition of the legal value of implicit contractual relationships, while a ‘relational’ perspective would allow to look more closely at the economic transaction as a whole, thus leading to the acknowledgment of implicit contracts. In this paper I will try to examine the same issue from the discrete perspective (with reference to the English system), the relational perspective (with referenceto the Japanese legal system) and a third perspective taken by the Italian system, in order to show the actual differences between the relational and discrete approaches to the contract and what remedies are most effective
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Tre modelli di rinegoziazione. Rinegoziazione spontanea, obbligo di rinegoziare e incentivi alla rinegoziazione
No full textThe spread of the pandemic and its devastating impact on the economy has brought up the issue of the recognition of a duty to renegotiate in contractual relationships, with particular reference to those contracts affected by the consequences of Covid-19. The purpose of this paper is to examine the legal basis for such a duty in our legal system and to analyse which are the most effective instruments to achieve renegotiation. The paper maintains that the recognition of a duty to renegotiate is closely dependent on the model of contract prevailing in a given system – adversarial, relational or solidarity-based –, since each model in turn affects the notion of good faith. In terms of remedies, the judicial adjustment of the contract is not always the most appropriate instrument against changed circumstances and solutions are proposed to promote renegotiation between the parties, through a system of rules based on good faith, including, in particular, the recognition of a duty to justify one’s contractual choices
Contratti relazionali e contrattazione ripetuta in Giappone e in Europa
No full textIn contracts, change and stability are usually regarded as conflicting patterns, with the result that systems tend to favour one aspect to the detriment of the other. The classical and neo-classical contract model - both in civil law and common law systems - have always leant towards stability, by attributing a central role to the promise, defined as a binding declaration of will. Over the years this model has frequently been questioned, especially by theoreticians of the so called «relational contract», a more flexible and change-oriented model that is common in Far-Eastern legal systems such as the Japanese one. This paper maintains that the real differences between the Western neo-classical model and the Japanese relational model lie in the greater attention which the latter pays to the stability of long-term commercial relationships, by providing for duties which prevent the unreasonable interruption in repeated deals or the refusal of the renewal in long-term contracts. Despite the undeniable differences between these two models, over the decades some European legal systems - through legislation or judicial decisions - have shown an ever increasing interest in protecting long-term relationships by acknowledging similar duties, although their scope is usually still confined to competition law. Nevertheless, one should ask whether these duties can play a more relevant role in the near future in the law of contract and contribute to changing the traditional notion of contract in Western legal systems
A Fragile Right. The Value of Civil Law Categories and New Forms of Protection in Algorithmic Data Processing under the GDPR.
No full textLegal systems of the world address the issue of data protection by adopting different levels
of intervention, on the basis of their cultural traditions. In Europe, data processing is subject
to strict regulation, the main aim of which is to protect individuals whose data has been
processed, as can be seen also with regard to the new Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR). As a
consequence of this «protective» approach, the right to data protection is regarded as a fundamental
right, which, according to the legal tradition of continental Europe, usually implies
data inalienability and the tendency to consider it mainly in its individual dimension. Nevertheless,
the new challenges and threats posed by the Data Revolution may require greater
flexibility, which can be achieved by adopting new approaches of a preventive, collective and
relational nature, should the remedies provided for by the legal tradition prove ineffective.
According to this paper all these approaches are already set down in the GDPR, but should
be further enhanced and developed with the assistance of legal scholarship in order to ensure
effective protection of this right
La tutela negoziale dell'anziano nella prospettiva del capabilities approach
No full textIn questo articolo, la questione della tutela giuridica nei contratti stipulati da anziani vulnerabili ma giuridicamente capaci viene analizzata nella prospettiva del capabilities approach di Amartya Sen e Martha Nussbaum. Infatti, pur non potendo essere considerati una categoria giuridica in senso stretto, gli anziani sono comunque un gruppo sociale con caratteristiche omogenee, che possono tradursi in ostacoli al momento di convertire le risorse disponibili in “funzionamenti” quali, in particolare, la partecipazione alla vita sociale e il rispetto di sé. Se, come sostiene Martha Nussbaum, con l'aumento dell'aspettativa di vita la maggior parte degli esseri umani si troverà a dover affrontare periodi più o meno lunghi di dipendenza, diviene allora necessario ripensare la dipendenza da condizione patologica ed eccezionale a condizione fisiologica e ordinaria dell'esperienza umana. La protezione dell’anziano dovrebbe quindi essere garantita sulla base di questa diversa prospettiva, attraverso il potenziamento delle misure di prevenzione generale basate sul principio di accountability delle imprese e dei professionisti e il successivo coordinamento con i rimedi contrattuali, che non devono essere rivolti solo all'invalidità o all'inefficacia, ma, ove possibile, anche alla correzione e all'adeguamento dei contratti stipulati dagli anziani.In this paper, the issue of legal protection in contracts concluded by vulnerable but legally capable elderly is analysed from the perspective of Sen and Nussbaum’s capabilities approach. Although they cannot be considered a legal category in the strict sense of the term, the elderly are nevertheless a social group with homogeneous characteristics, which may result in hurdles when converting available resources into «functionings», such as participation in social life and self-respect. If, as Martha Nussbaum argues, with the increase of life expectancy most human beings will encounter periods of dependency in the course of their lives, we should rethink dependency from being a pathological and exceptional condition to a physiological and ordinary condition of the human experience. Protection should therefore be accomplished on the basis of this different perspective, through the enhancement of general preventive measures based on the principle of accountability on the part of companies and professionals and their coordination with contractual remedies that should not only be directed at invalidity or ineffectiveness, but, where possible, also at the correction and adjustment of contracts concluded by the elderl
Il diritto flessibile. Il giudice tra regole astratte e accertamento in concreto
No full textScopo dell’articolo è dimostrare, attraverso l’analisi di alcuni casi giudiziari tratti dal diritto italiano, giapponese e statunitense, come la valutazione in base al contesto e caso per caso - generalmente associata ai c.d. sistemi “confuciani” dell'Estremo Oriente – rappresenti, in realtà, un tratto ben presente anche nelle sentenze dei sistemi giuridici occidentali. Si tratta di un distacco della rule of law a favore di regole e principi spesso ancorati a valori etici e sociali andato accentuandosi in tempi recenti per effetto della pandemia e di cui è possibile cogliere traccia anche nei recenti orientamenti della Corte di Giustizia dell'Unione europea. Si tenterà quindi di ricercare le cause di questa tendenza e di comprendere quali criticità e quali benefici possano conseguire dall’applicazione di un diritto più flessibile e legato alle clausole generali.This paper aims to demonstrate through the analysis of some court cases that a contextual approach in the decision-making process is not only typical of the «Confucian» legal systems of the Far East but is a relatively frequent phenomenon in Western legal systems as well. However, in Western legal systems, the need to formally follow the rule of law usually makes this decision-making process less evident. This trend has recently become more pronounced and decisions based on case-by-case assessment can also be found in some CJEU rulings. An attempt will, therefore, be made to identify the reasons for this tendency and to understand what critical issues and benefits may result from the application of a law based on more flexible rules and general clause
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