1,609 research outputs found
Reductions in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality following the national Irish smoking ban: Interrupted time-series analysis
No full textCopyright @ 2013 Stallings-Smith et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Background: Previous studies have shown decreases in cardiovascular mortality following the implementation of comprehensive smoking bans. It is not known whether cerebrovascular or respiratory mortality decreases post-ban. On March 29, 2004, the Republic of Ireland became the first country in the world to implement a national workplace smoking ban. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of this policy on all-cause and cause-specific, non-trauma mortality. Methods: A time-series epidemiologic assessment was conducted, utilizing Poisson regression to examine weekly age and gender-standardized rates for 215,878 non-trauma deaths in the Irish population, ages ≥35 years. The study period was from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, with a post-ban follow-up of 3.75 years. All models were adjusted for time trend, season, influenza, and smoking prevalence. Results: Following ban implementation, an immediate 13% decrease in all-cause mortality (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99), a 26% reduction in ischemic heart disease (IHD) (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63-0.88), a 32% reduction in stroke (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54-0.85), and a 38% reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.83) mortality was observed. Post-ban reductions in IHD, stroke, and COPD mortalities were seen in ages ≥65 years, but not in ages 35-64 years. COPD mortality reductions were found only in females (RR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.32-0.70). Post-ban annual trend reductions were not detected for any smoking-related causes of death. Unadjusted estimates indicate that 3,726 (95% CI: 2,305-4,629) smoking-related deaths were likely prevented post-ban. Mortality decreases were primarily due to reductions in passive smoking. Conclusions: The national Irish smoking ban was associated with immediate reductions in early mortality. Importantly, post-ban risk differences did not change with a longer follow-up period. This study corroborates previous evidence for cardiovascular causes, and is the first to demonstrate reductions in cerebrovascular and respiratory causes
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) PRODUCED BY HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES
No full textElectromagnetic interference in high voltage transmission lines has been an interest topic due to its effect on human health, plants, electrical and telecommunication equipment. Extremely high voltages (EHV) in transmission lines are reasons of electrostatic effects, while short circuit currents and line loading currents are responsible for electromagnetic effects.
The aim of this research is to analyze electromagnetic fields in high voltage transmission lines in theoretical study and calculating its level in overhead T. L and therefore estimated the EMI produced, by employing a mathematical model of 230 KV tower double circuit configurations of high voltage transmission lines. The calculation is based on computer aided analysis (CAA) by using fields and corona effects software (FACE). It's found that the overhead power lines of general frequency (50 Hz) generates a highly intense magnetic field, the electromagnetic fields depends on the distance from sources and the type of line configuration. They decrease as the distance increase from the tower and conductors and increase with a high current.
The strength of an electric field is proportional to the voltage of the line and the magnetic field strength is proportional to the current in the high voltage transmission lines. Distribution line with a high current load may produce a magnetic field that is as high as those produced by some high voltage transmission lines.
Some techniques of reduction of the effects of electromagnetic interference have suggested such as rearrangement conductors of transmission line, and distance from phase conductor and grounding system. The study recommended to keep safety distance operation in high voltage transmission lines with the necessity for engineer to take into account the effect of electromagnetic interference in the design stage of high voltage transmission power system, and to avoid any addition cost may be occur due to neglected effects of electromagnetic interference that produces by high voltage transmission line
Discrimination against non-binary individuals on the Slovenian labour market
No full textMagistrska naloga obravnava diskriminacijo nebinarnih oseb pri zaposlovanju na trgu delovne
sile v Sloveniji, s poudarkom na tem, kako spolna identiteta vpliva na dostop do trga dela.
Izhaja iz spoznanja, da družba in trg dela večinoma delujeta po binarnih predpostavkah o
spolu, kar lahko posameznice, ki se ne umeščajo v kategoriji »moški« ali »ženska«, postavlja
v neenakopraven položaj in jim pogosto otežuje uveljavljanje poklicnih ciljev. Empirični del
temelji na korespondenčni študiji, ki zajema pošiljanje življenjepisov treh fiktivnih kandidatk,
moškega, ženske in nebinarne osebe, na dejanska prosta delovna mesta za deset različnih
poklicev v zasebnem sektorju. S pomočjo te metode avtorica preverja, ali pride do razlik v
odzivih delodajalk glede na spolno identiteto kandidatk. Pri tem se opira tudi na izsledke
obstoječih korespondenčnih študij iz tujine na primeru binarnih transspolnih oseb, saj tovrstne
raziskave za nebinarne osebe še niso bile izvedene. Namen raziskave je prispevati k boljšemu
razumevanju diskriminacije, ki se lahko pojavi že v zgodnjih fazah zaposlovanja.The master\u27s dissertation examines the discrimination of non-binary individuals in the
employment process in Slovenia, focusing on how gender identity affects access to the labour
market. It is based on the premise that society and the labour market predominantly operate
on binary gender assumptions, which can place individuals who do not identify as either
»male« or »female« in a disadvantaged position. The empirical part is based on a
correspondence study that involved sending CVs of three fictitious applicants, a man, a
woman, and a non-binary person, to actual job openings across ten different professions.
Using this method, the author investigates whether employers respond differently depending
on the candidate’s gender identity. The study also draws on findings from existing
correspondence analyses conducted abroad, particularly on binary transgender individuals,
since no such research has yet been conducted for non-binary people. The purpose of the
research is to contribute to a deeper understanding of discrimination that may occur already in
the early stages of the employment process
The effect of a smoking ban on exposure and cardio-respiratory health of non-smoking hospitality workers in Switzerland
No full textSummary: Background
The first scientific studies on negative health effects of passive smoking published in
the 1980s instigated an intense battle between the tobacco industry, who fear the
loss of social acceptance of smoking and resultant financial damages, and diverse
interest groups defending the health of the non-smoking population. In 2003 the
World Health Organisation issued a Framework Convention for Tobacco Control,
which was signed by 168 member states and has been ratified by 176.
Since then, several countries have implemented smoking bans in public indoor
spaces and workplaces. At the same time studies on second hand smoke (SHS)
exposure and related health effects in hospitality workers have been conducted
using various, albeit unreliable, methods. For example, exposure is typically
assessed by means of a questionnaire or by measuring a proxy such as PM2.5.
Likewise, measuring nicotine in biological samples such as urine, blood or saliva
may be influenced by personal metabolism. Most health-related studies focus on
respiratory examinations and have completely neglected long-term effects of SHS
exposure on cardiovascular health. This study aims to address some of these
knowledge gaps.
In May 2010 Switzerland implemented the first national smoking ban to protect the
population from passive smoking. Loose regulation left room for exceptions; there
remained a possibility to establish small smoking venues or separate smoking
rooms of limited size. The COSIBAR study utilized the transition as a natural
intervention to examine exposure and the cardio-respiratory health of non-smoking
hospitality workers.
Methods
An intervention group that experienced a change in smoking regulation was to be
compared with a control group that continued to work in a smoke-exposed
environment. To this end, the air was measured in 193 hospitality venues before the
ban in the cantons of Basel City, Basel County and Zurich. 92 workers were recruited
and invited to three medical examinations, once before implementation of the ban
and twice afterwards. Exposure was also measured each time, and at the first and
second time points a questionnaire on behaviour and acceptance was mailed to
participants. In this non-medical target group also smokers were included.
Exposure was measured by means of a passive nicotine-specific sampler. One was
placed at the workplace for a week and a second one was worn by the participants
for a personal 24-hour measurement. In addition, we took a salivary sample during
the medical examination to determine nicotine and cotinine content. A
questionnaire contained further questions on personal exposure.
Height, weight and blood pressure were measured in the medical component. We
did an ECG to assess heart rate variability (HRV)- a quantitative marker of
autonomic activity of the nervous system. We also measured pulse wave velocity
(PWV) to determine arterial stiffness which is an indicator of cardiovascular risk
factors and atherosclerosis. Respiratory health was examined by measuring lung
function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), an inflammatory marker in the
lungs. Furthermore we did an allergy test at baseline and performed an extensive
interview at each appointment.
To analyse the health data we developed several models; exposure was compared to
all health parameters in a cross-sectional baseline analysis. A longitudinal model
correlated exposure at every time point with corresponding health data taking into
account within-subject correlation. Finally, a pre/post comparison of health
parameters was done without taking exact exposure into account. All models were
adjusted for appropriate covariates.
The behaviour and acceptance questionnaire contained questions on personal
knowledge and attitude towards the smoking ban and factors influencing these as
well as on smoking status and behaviour. Responses were analysed with suitable
statistical tests.
Results
Average SHS exposure in the intervention group decreased by 2.4 cigarette
equivalents/day (CE/d) after the smoking ban while the change in the exposed
control group was significantly smaller.
In the cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data we found that mean lung function
of all exposed hospitality workers was below the recorded average for the Swiss
population. FeNO values were directly associated with exposure, meaning we
observed decreased inflammation with increased exposure.
In the longitudinal model that compared exposure to health measures, several HRV
parameters significantly correlated with exposure. A decrease by one unit CE/d was
linked to an increase in the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), the
standard deviation of N-N intervals (SDNN), high frequency (HF) and Total Power
(TP) as well as a decrease in PWV. These associations were consistent with the
original hypothesis that predicted better health with lower exposure.
In the pre/post model not taking exact exposure into account, there was a
significantly different development of several parameters in the intervention group
compared to the control group. SDNN, RMSSD, HF and TP increased in the
intervention group while decreasing in the control group. The inverse was true for
the low frequency/HF ratio (LF/HF), an effect that also corresponded to our
expectations. FeNO decreased in the intervention group, while the control group
showed a significantly different slight increase. No changes could be observed in
lung function.
Acceptance of the smoking ban was higher in non-smokers than in smokers
throughout the study. It rose from baseline to follow-up in both groups in the canton
of Basel Land which had a comprehensive smoking ban in place but not in the two
other cantons that had a regulation allowing exceptions.
Discussion
In this study there were clear indications for an improvement of cardiovascular
health in non-smoking hospitality workers after implementation of a smoking ban.
Summary
xiv
Risk factors for myocardial infarction or arteriosclerosis had significantly decreased
in the intervention group. No change in lung function was observed while FeNO
showed a decrease that cannot be considered clinically relevant. Hence, heart rate
variability and pulse wave velocity seem to be the most sensitive markers, while
lung function may take longer to recover or may remain irreversibly damaged. FeNO
is influenced by many factors and is in need of further research.
All these results speak for a comprehensive smoking ban without exceptions. The
higher acceptance that we observed with this type of regulation further supports
this recommendation.
Nevertheless an initiative by the lung association demanding exactly this
consolidation of the law was rejected in September 2012. During the animated
voting campaign, first study results were published. The failure of the campaign
raises the question if health is an attractive political argument when personal
freedom of decision is threatened. What more, the tobacco industry holds a
powerful position as an important employer and tax payer in Switzerland and its
role must be considered and moved into the people’s conscience. The alleged
personal freedom of Swiss citizens to decide on their smoking behaviour seems to
be an illusion, caused by concealed brainwashing by the world’s most manipulative
industry. ---------- Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund
Seit in den 1980er Jahren erste wissenschaftliche Studien die negativen
gesundheitlichen Folgen von Passivrauchen nachgewiesen haben, herrscht ein
unerbittlicher Kampf zwischen der Tabaklobby, die den Verlust der sozialen
Akzeptanz des Rauchens und damit verbundene finanzielle Einbussen fürchtet, und
verschiedenen Interessengruppen, die sich für die Gesundheit der nichtrauchenden
Bevölkerung einsetzen. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation erliess 2003 ein
Rahmenübereinkommen zur Eindämmung des Tabakkonsums, das von 168 Staaten
unterschrieben und inzwischen von 176 ratifiziert wurde. Seither wurden in
mehreren Ländern Rauchverbote in öffentlichen Räumen und an Arbeitsplätzen
eingeführt. Dabei wurden oft Studien zu Rauchexposition und Gesundheitsfaktoren
von Gastgewerbemitarbeitern durchgeführt, mit unterschiedlichen Methoden. Die
Exposition wurde meistens anhand von Fragebogen oder unter Anwendung eines
Proxys wie PM2.5 eingeschätzt, was jedoch ungenau sein kann. Die Nikotinmessung
von biologischen Proben wie Urin, Blut oder Speichel kann ausserdem vom
persönlichen Metabolismus beeinflusst werden. Bezüglich der Gesundheit
konzentrierten sich die meisten Studien auf respiratorische Untersuchungen und
vernachlässigten kardiovaskuläre Langzeitauswirkungen der Passivrauchexposition
völlig. Mit dieser Studie sollten einige dieser Lücken gefüllt werden.
Im Mai 2010 wurde in der Schweiz das erste Bundesgesetz zum Schutz der
Bevölkerung vor Passivrauchen eingeführt. Da die lose Regelung Raum für
Ausnahmen liess, war es weiterhin möglich, kleine Raucherlokale oder abgetrennte
Rauchräume von begrenzter Grösse, zu führen. Die COSIBAR Studie nutzte die
Umsetzung als natürliche Intervention für eine Untersuchung der Exposition und
kardio?respiratorischen Gesundheit bei nichtrauchenden Gastgewerbemitarbeitern.
Methoden
Eine Interventionsgruppe, die eine Änderung der Rauchregel erfuhr, sollte mit einer
Kontrollgruppe verglichen werden, die weiterhin im Rauch arbeiten musste.
Dazu wurde vor dem Rauchverbot die Luft in 193 Betrieben in den Kantonen Basel
Stadt, Basel Land und Zürich gemessen. 92 Mitarbeiter konnten rekrutiert werden
und wurden zu drei medizinischen Untersuchungen eingeladen, einmal vor
Einführung des Rauchgesetzes und zweimal danach. Parallel wurde jeweils die
Exposition gemessen, sowie beim ersten und zweiten Erhebungszeitpunkt ein
Verhaltens?und Akzeptanzfragebogen verschickt, in dessen Zielgruppe auch
Raucher eingeschlossen wurden.
Die Exposition wurde mit Hilfe eines passiven Nikotinbadges gemessen, einerseits
während einer Woche am Arbeitsplatz und andererseits mit einer persönlichen
Messung, bei der der Proband den Badge 24 Stunden auf sich trug. Darüber hinaus
wurde während der medizinischen Untersuchung eine Speichelprobe genommen,
um den Nikotin? und Kotiningehalt festzustellen. Ein Fragebogen enthielt
zusätzliche Fragen zur Exposition.
Im medizinischen Teil wurde neben Grösse, Gewicht und Blutdruck ein EKG zur
Untersuchung der Herzrhythmusvariabilität (HRV), einem quantitativen Marker des
autonomen Nervensystems, durchgeführt. Anhand der Pulswellengeschwindigkeit
(PWV) wurde die arterielle Steifheit gemessen, die ein Indikator für kardiovaskuläre
Risikofaktoren und Arteriosklerose ist. Die respiratorische Gesundheit wurde mit
einer Messung des ausgeatmeten Stickstoffoxids (FeNO), einem Entzündungsmarker
in der Atemluft, und einem Lungenfunktionstest untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurden
beim ersten Termin ein Allergietest und jedes Mal ein ausführliches Interview
durchgeführt.
Für die Analyse der Gesundheitsdaten wurden mehrere Modelle entwickelt:
Einerseits wurde die Korrelation der Exposition mit den verschiedenen Parametern
vor Einführung des Rauchverbots in einer Querschnittsuntersuchung angeschaut.
Darüber hinaus wurde die Exposition in einem longitudinalen Modell zu jedem
Zeitpunkt mit den jeweiligen Gesundheitsdaten verglichen unter Berücksichtigung
der Tatsache, dass mehrere Untersuchungen von einer Person stammen konnten.
Als letztes wurde in einem Prä/Post?Modell ein Vergleich der Gesundheitsparameter
vor und nach dem Rauchgesetz gemacht ohne Berücksichtigung der
genauen Exposition. Die Modelle wurden jeweils für geeignete Kovariablen
adjustiert.
Der Verhaltens? und Akzeptanzfragebogen enthielt Fragen zum persönlichen
Wissenstand und zur Einstellung zum Rauchverbot, zu Faktoren, die diese
beeinflussen sowie zum Rauchstatus und –verhalten. Antworten wurden anhand
von angemessenen statistischen Tests verglichen.
Ergebnisse
Die durchschnittliche Rauchexposition in der Interventionsgruppe sank um 2.4
Zigarettenäquivalente/Tag nach dem Rauchverbot während die Veränderung in der
exponierten Kontrollgruppe signifikant kleiner war.
In einer Querschnittsuntersuchung der Baseline Daten wurde festgestellt, dass die
mittleren Lungenfunktionswerte der exponierten Gastgewerbemitarbeiter unter der
schweizerischen Durchschnittsbevölkerung lag. Die FeNO Werte waren direkt mit
der Exposition assoziiert, wobei eine Erhöhung der Exposition eine Verminderung
des Entzündungsmarkers bedeutete.
Im longitudinalen Modell, das die Exposition mit den Gesundheitsmassen verglich,
korrelierten mehrere HRV Parameter signifikant mit der Exposition. Die Abnahme
um ein Zigarettenäquivalent/Tag war mit einer Erhöhung der RMSSD
(Quadratwurzel der Summe der quadrierten Differenzen zwischen benachbarten
RR?Intervallen), der SDNN (Standardabweichung der RR?Intervalle), der HF? (High
Frequency) und der TP? (Total Power) Komponente verbunden, sowie mit einer
Abnahme der Pulswellengeschwindigkeit. Diese Assoziationen entsprachen der
ursprünglichen Hypothese, die eine bessere Gesundheit mit niedrigerer Exposition
voraussagte.
Im Prä/Post?Modell ohne Berücksichtigung der genauen Exposition wurde bei
mehreren Parametern eine signifikant unterschiedliche Entwicklung in der
Interventionsgruppe im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe gestellt. So stiegen SDNN,
RMSSD, HF, und TP in der Interventionsgruppe alle an, während sie in der
Kontrollgruppe absanken. Der HF/LF (High Frequency/Low Frequency) Quotient
verhielt sich umgekehrt, ein Effekt, der auch den Erwartungen entsprach. FeNO sank
in der Interventionsgruppe ab, während sich die Kontrollgruppe mit einem kleinen
Anstieg signifikant anders verhielt. Bei den Lungenfunktionsparametern konnte
keine Veränderung beobachtet werden.
Die Akzeptanz des Rauchverbots war von Anfang an höher bei den Nichtrauchern
als bei den Rauchern. Sie erhöhte sich jedoch in beiden Gruppen im Kanton Basel
Land, in dem ein umfassendes Rauchverbot eingeführt wurde, während das in den
andern beiden Kantonen, die Ausnahmen zuliessen, nicht der Fall war.
Diskussion
In dieser Studie wurden klare Anzeichen einer verbesserten kardiovaskulären
Gesundheit der nichtrauchenden Gastronomiemitarbeiter nach Einführung des
Rauchverbots gefunden. Die Risikofaktoren für einen Herzinfarkt oder eine
Arteriosklerose hatten sich in der Interventionsgruppe signifikant vermindert. Bei
der Lungenfunktion konnte keine Veränderung festgestellt werden während beim
FeNO zwar eine Abnahme beobachtet wurde, die jedoch nicht als klinisch relevant
betrachtet werden kann. Somit scheinen die Herzrhythmusvariabilität und die
Pulswellengeschwindigkeit die sensitivsten Marker zu sein, während die
Lungenfunktion womöglich entweder länger braucht, um sich zu erholen oder
dauerhaft geschädigt bleibt. FeNO wird von sehr vielen Faktoren beeinflusst und
sollte daher noch weiter erforscht werden.
All diese Resultate sprechen für ein umfassendes Rauchverbot ohne Ausnahmen. Die
erhöhte Akzeptanz dieser Form der Regelung, die wir fanden, unterstützt diese
Empfehlung weiter.
Trotzdem wurde eine Initiative der Lungenliga, die genau diese Vereinheitlichung
des Gesetzes verlangte, im September 2012 abgelehnt. Während des lebhaften
Abstimmungskampfes wurden auch erste Studienresultate publiziert. Der
Misserfolg der Kampagne wirft die Frage auf, ob Gesundheit als politisches
Argument attraktiv ist, wenn dabei eine Einschränkung der persönlichen
Entscheidungsfreiheit droht. Ausserdem muss die Rolle der Tabakindustrie, die in
der Schweiz als wichtiger Arbeitgeber und Steuerzahler eine übermächtige Stellung
hat, näher betrachtet und ins Bewusstsein der Bürger gerückt werden. Die
vermeintliche persönliche Freiheit der Schweizer über ihr Rauchverhalten zu
entscheiden scheint doch eher eine Selbsttäuschung zu sein, herbeigeführt mittels
einer verdeckten Gehirnwäsche durch die wohl manipulativste Industrie der Welt
Data on the transcriptional regulation of DNA damage induced apoptosis suppressor (DDIAS) by ERK5/MEF2B pathway in lung cancer cells
No full textAbstractThe data included in this article are associated with the article entitled “DNA-damage-induced apoptosis suppressor (DDIAS) is upregulated via ERK5/MEF2B signaling and promotes β-catenin-mediated invasion” (J.Y. Im, S.H. Yoon, B.K. Kim, H.S. Ban, K.J. Won, K.S. Chung, K.E. Jung, M. Won) [1]. Quantitative RT-PCR data revealed that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) suppresses DDIAS transcription in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) in Hela cells. p300 did not interact with myocyte enhancer factor 2B (MEF2B), a downstream target of ERK5 and affect transcription of DDIAS. Moreover, DDIAS transcription is activated by ERK5/MEF2B signaling on EGF exposure in the non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) NCI-H1703 and NCI-H1299. DDIAS knockdown suppresses lung cancer cell invasion by decreasing β-catenin protein level on EGF exposure
Exploring effects of introducing a ban on handheld phone use for cyclists – Pre-post results from the Netherlands and Denmark
No full textCyclists’ phone use can cause distractions and impose risks towards traffic safety. To prevent phone-related distractions, the Netherlands introduced a ban on handheld (HH) phone use for cyclists in July 2019. The effects of traffic rules on phone use and their underlying mechanisms are, however, uncertain. Comparing survey results from the Netherlands before (N = 553) and after (N = 484) the ban, using Denmark (before N = 568, after N = 519) as comparison group, this study explores whether introducing a ban is associated with changes in phone use, traffic rule beliefs, perceived risk, sense of guilt, and perceived annoyance. Comparison of phone function use before and after the Dutch ban revealed a significant decrease in the proportion using HH phone for conversation, while there was no change for other functions. In Denmark, proportions remained stable for all functions. Changes in the Netherlands possibly correspond to specific phone functions characteristics, e.g., how effortless one can pause and resume the function. The results additionally identified an increase in correct traffic rule identification, sense of guilt for HH phone use, and perceived annoyance, while there was no significant change in perceived risk of HH phone use. The study found that banning HH phone use was associated with increase in correct rule identification, but only to limited changes in HH phone use. Banning HH phone use might have greater effects in changing behaviours over time as a result of social mechanisms related to changes in sense of guilt and perceived annoyance.Transport and Plannin
Did a ban on diesel-fuel reduce emergency respiratory admissions for children?
No full textThis paper assesses whether a ban on diesel-powered motor vehicles in Lebanon has reduced emergency respiratory admissions for children less than 17 years of age in Beirut. Monthly admissions for total respiratory complaints, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and upper respiratory tract infections, from October to February, were compared before and after the ban, using Poisson regression models and adjusting for rainfall, humidity and temperature. Analyses were repeated excluding the flu months of January and February. A test of significance of p ≤ 0.05 was used. Air pollution is not systematically monitored in Lebanon and no ambient particulate concentration data were available. A significant drop in admissions for respiratory symptoms (p ≤ 0.05) and upper respiratory tract infection (p ≤ 0.001) from 1 year pre-ban to 1 year post-ban has been recorded. When flu months are excluded, a significant drop (p ≤ 0.001) in admissions for all studied categories, except pneumonia, is observed. The effect of the ban however was negligible in the second year. When 2 year pre-ban versus 2 year post-ban are considered excluding flu months, statistically non-significant reductions are recorded for asthma and upper respiratory tract infection (p ≤ 0.1). The study hence suggests an impact of the diesel ban on respiratory health only during the first year after the ban. This finding is weakened by the absence of supporting evidence from air quality monitoring and speciation of particulate matter, which are lacking in Lebanon and most developing countries. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Bremner SA, 1999, OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V56, P237; Brunekreef B, 1997, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V8, P298, DOI 10.1097-00001648-199705000-00012; Chaaban FB, 2001, TRANSPORT RES D-TR E, V6, P347, DOI 10.1016-S1361-9209(01)00004-9; Clancy L, 2002, LANCET, V360, P1210, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(02)11281-5; COHEN AJ, 1999, HLTH EFFECTS DIESEL, P707; COLLS J, 1997, AIR POLLUTION; ELFADEL M, 2000, J TRANSPORTATION STA, V3, P85; El-Fadel M, 2000, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V257, P133, DOI 10.1016-S0048-9697(00)00503-9; ELFADEL M, 2004, ENV STUD A, V61, P427; GARSHICK E, 1988, AM REV RESPIR DIS, V137, P820; Hoppin AA, 2004, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V169, P1308, DOI 10.1164-rccm.200309-1228OC; *LEB MIN PUBL HLTH, 2006, HOSP ACCR; Miller RL, 2004, CHEST, V126, P1071, DOI 10.1378-chest.126.4.1071; Nichani V, 2006, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V363, P95, DOI 10.1016-j.scitotenv.2005.06.033; Nicolai T, 2002, TOXICOLOGY, V181, P317, DOI 10.1016-S0300-483X(02)00300-1; Northridge ME, 1999, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V89, P998, DOI 10.2105-AJPH.89.7.998; Pirkle JL, 1998, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V106, P745, DOI 10.1289-ehp.98106745; POPE III, 1989, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V79, P623; Stenfors N, 2004, EUR RESPIR J, V23, P82, DOI 10.1183-09031936.03.00004603; Timonen KL, 1997, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V156, P546; vanVliet P, 1997, ENVIRON RES, V74, P122, DOI 10.1006-enrs.1997.3757; Weir E, 2002, CAN MED ASSOC J, V167, P5058101
Review of cloud computing in science, technology, and real life
No full textThis paper presents an overview of the general idea and history of cloud computing in theory. The objective of this review is to draw attention to preceding studies about cloud computing that have common characteristics with the theme of this paper. There were some points discussed in general, including the advantages of this technology, its subjects, security, and the effects of adopting cloud computing in an organization
Divine Law or Constitutional Flaw: The Clash of Religious Belief and Legal Neutrality in Missouri’s Abortion Ban
No full textThis Note explores the constitutional implications of Missouri’s recent abortion ban enacted in the wake of the Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization decision, which overturned Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. This Note examines the clash of religious beliefs and the law by dissecting the legislative history and intent behind Missouri’s abortion ban. The ban, known as House Bill 126 or the “Missouri Stands for the Unborn Act,” took effect immediately upon certification by State Attorney General Eric Schmitt and prohibits nearly all abortions, except in cases of a narrowly defined “medical emergency.” Notably, the law invokes religious language, asserting that “Almighty God” is the author of life and framing the state as a “sanctuary of life.” Through an analysis of the historical background, legislative series of events, and contemporaneous statements made by lawmakers, this Note argues that Missouri’s abortion ban unconstitutionally establishes Christian beliefs into law.
This Note analyzes a hypothetical Establishment Clause-based challenge to Missouri’s abortion ban, arguing that the ban infringes upon the neutrality required by the First Amendment. It scrutinizes the religious undertones in the legislative process, which seemingly favor Christian beliefs over other faith traditions or non-religious perspectives. Ultimately, this Note offers a critical examination of the implications of Missouri’s abortion ban within the context of religious freedom and constitutional law. It contends that the ban, rooted in religious ideals, violates the Establishment Clause by imposing religiously motivated legislation on all citizens, regardless of their personal beliefs or traditions
Divine Law or Constitutional Flaw: The Clash of Religious Belief and Legal Neutrality in Missouri’s Abortion Ban
No full textThis Note explores the constitutional implications of Missouri’s recent abortion ban enacted in the wake of the Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization decision, which overturned Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. This Note examines the clash of religious beliefs and the law by dissecting the legislative history and intent behind Missouri’s abortion ban. The ban, known as House Bill 126 or the “Missouri Stands for the Unborn Act,” took effect immediately upon certification by State Attorney General Eric Schmitt and prohibits nearly all abortions, except in cases of a narrowly defined “medical emergency.” Notably, the law invokes religious language, asserting that “Almighty God” is the author of life and framing the state as a “sanctuary of life.” Through an analysis of the historical background, legislative series of events, and contemporaneous statements made by lawmakers, this Note argues that Missouri’s abortion ban unconstitutionally establishes Christian beliefs into law.
This Note analyzes a hypothetical Establishment Clause-based challenge to Missouri’s abortion ban, arguing that the ban infringes upon the neutrality required by the First Amendment. It scrutinizes the religious undertones in the legislative process, which seemingly favor Christian beliefs over other faith traditions or non-religious perspectives. Ultimately, this Note offers a critical examination of the implications of Missouri’s abortion ban within the context of religious freedom and constitutional law. It contends that the ban, rooted in religious ideals, violates the Establishment Clause by imposing religiously motivated legislation on all citizens, regardless of their personal beliefs or traditions
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