30 research outputs found
Data for: The provenance, differential diagenesis and microporosity characteristics of carbonate mud across a late Paleogene ramp (Iraqi Kurdistan region)
No full textCarbonate sedimentary logs from different out crcrop
Sedimentologic and lithostratigraphic properties and reservoir characterization of the Winnipeg Formation, Southern Saskatchewan
No full textA Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geology, University of Regina. vii, 112 p.The Winnipeg Formation is a Late Ordovician siliciclastic unit that occurs in subsurface of SE Saskatchewan. Deposition of the formation took place on the northern shelf of the sub-circular intracratonic Williston Basin. In the study area, the formation consists of two members: a lower sandstone-dominated Black Island Member and an upper shale-dominated Icebox Member. Core and well-log data from twenty-one wells, along with a detailed petrographic study of rock samples from the cores, have been collected, described, integrated, and interpreted. Textural properties, sedimentary structures, temporal stacking nature of the various lithofacies, and spatial correlation of the logged sections are significant tools used for deciphering the depositional environment, reservoir properties, and cyclostratigraphic analysis of the studied rocks. Ten lithofacies (eight quartz arenite and quartz wacke sandstones, one siltstone, and one shale) are recognized and interpreted as beach to lower offshore accumulations. The sandstone lithofacies are discriminated based on their textural and structural properties, e.g., grain size, bioturbation index (BI), hydrodynamic sedimentary structures, and matrix content. Well correlations show that the basin was somewhat funnel-shaped, with the central axis deepening southward, whereas uplifted flanks to the north and east define the direction of the shallower basin margins.
The vertical succession of the Winnipeg Formation is defined by shallow marine, high-energy sandstone of the Black Island Member overlain by relatively deep shelf shales of the Icebox Member. This stratigraphic succession underscores that deposition of the formation in the study area is characterized by a deepening-upward pattern. The Black Island Member's sandstone contains rhythmic units. Despite the overall deepening of the basin, the rhythmic units of the sandstone member underscore flooding events followed by progradation. These are parasequences within the transgressive systems tract. The transgression culminated during the deposition of the shales of the Icebox Member. The unconformity between Icebox and Yeoman Fm. defines the sea level drop and erosion of the uppermost beds (Roughlock Member) of the Winnipeg Formation. This regressive phase is represented by an erosional gap. Toward down south in North Dakota, there is a third member of the formation (Roughlock Member), which may represent the regressive phase of the T-R cycle.
Subsurface mapping shows variations in the thickness in three zones. Zone-1 constitutes most of the mapped area, and the isopach map shows that the formation thickens approximately 140m towards the southeast of the province. Zone-2 occurs west of Zone-1 and shows a relatively thinner distribution approximately 60m of the formation. This zone shows a northeast-southwest trend possibly controlled by high paleotopographic features. In Zone-3, the formation gets thicker, approximately 80m west of Zone-2. Depth structure map and 3D mapping show the basin was shallower towards the north, northeast, and northwest and deeper towards the south. The porosity interval map shows the thickness of the porous interval increasing southeastward.
The reservoir properties of Black Island Member are classified as quartz arenite, lithic arenite, two types of quartz wacke, feldspathic greywacke, and two types of mudrocks. Among the different well cores studied, the combined quartz arenite lithofacies constitute about 47% of the member, whereas the wacke and the mudrock lithofacies constitute 44% and 9%, respectively. Isopach maps of the various lithofacies indicate that the quartz arenites occur south to southeast, quartz wackes from southwest to southeast, and mudrocks toward the southeast of the studied area. Furthermore, the porosity of the quartz arenites ranges between ~22% and ~29%, whereas that of the wacke sandstone varies from ~8% to ~11%; these are affected by the different diagenetic processes. Thus, the sandstone lithofacies (the arenites and the wackes), which form a total thickness of about 91% of the member, are envisaged to constitute fair to excellent reservoirs.Studentye
Sedimentology and reservoir characteristics of the oligocene-early miocene carbonates (Kirkuk group) of southern Kurdistan
No full textKirkuk Group Formations (in addition to Avanah and Jaddala Formations) of
southern Kurdistan were studied in order to determine biostratigraphy,
chronostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphic relationships, in addition to major
sediment producing environments and type of platform configuration. As well as to
determine the paragenetic sequences with special attention to micrite diagenesis
and its effect on microporosity.
Five biozones were identified in the study area in which two of them from Middle-
Late Eocene: Alveolina biozone (AL) and Discocyclina biozone (DI) with three
biozones from the Oligocene-Early Miocene of Kirkuk Group: Nummulites fichteli
biozone (NF); Praerhapydionina delicata biozone (PD) and Austrotrillina howchini
biozone (AH).
Twenty two microfacies were identified and interpreted as having been deposited in
a ramp setting based on lateral variations of the microfacies; gradual deepening with
no evidence of slope break or effective barrier. A depositional model has been
generated from the overall palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the microfacies in
which the analysed microfacies indicates palaeoenvironments ranging from
terrestrial to open marine settings; nine major depositional environmental zones
have been identified and correlated with the standard Cenozoic ramp model of
Buxton and Pedley (1989). These zones distributed across the ramp setting dipping
southwest, in which zone 1 is terrestrial deposit; zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 are belonging to
inner ramp; zone 6, 7 and 8 are belong to middle ramp and zone 9 is belong to outer
ramp and basinal settings.
A paragenetic sequence has been derived recording eleven diagenetic processes
affecting the Kirkuk Group which are subdivided into an eogenetic, mesogenetic and
telogenetic stages. Furthermore, micrite matrices were studied from both shallow
and deeper marine settings using SEM, trace elements and carbon/oxygen isotopes;
the result shows the different sources; inner-mid ramp muds have a hemi-pelagic
source and could have been mostly sourced from high-Mg calcite benthic
foraminifera and red algae, and possible partial aragonite dominating; in contrast, the
outer ramp matrices, were sourced from plankton, are largely composed of low-Mg
calcite, as they are mineralogically stable. Although the exact origin would be difficult
to ascertain after diagenesis. From the above two different rock fabrics, two distinct
pore systems were identified: (1) low microporosity inner-mid ramp microfacies, it
was sourced from metastable precursors and were recrystallized and replaced under
meteoric waters, undergoing loss of primary porosity; (2) higher microporosity outer
ramp/basinal microfacies, composed of more stable low-Mg calcite that underwent
less recrystallization and retained some primary porosity.
The Kirkuk Group succession comprises of two shallowing upward 4th order cycle
within one 3rd order cycle located between two unconformable surfaces at lower and
upper boundaries which can be correlated to the global regression of sea level. The
first 4th order cycle is located at Rupelian and composed of only the Sheikh Alas
Formation and the second 4th order cycle is located at Chattian-Early Aquitanian
and composed of the Bajawan, Anah, Azkand and Ibrahim Formations. Two different
depositional sequences with different thicknesses were developed due to the
synsedimentary Khanaqin Basement Fault which cross-cuts the study area and was
activate during deposition
Integrated depositional model of the Carbonate Kirkuk Group of Southern Kurdistan-Iraq
No full textThe carbonate Kirkuk Group succession hosts major hydrocarbon reserves in the southern Kurdistan-Northen Iraq. This is why investigations into this succession started a long time ago, especially for oil exploration. In this research numerous microfacies were identified from the Kirkuk Group and interpreted as having been deposited in a ramp setting based on lateral variations of the microfacies; gradual deepening with no evidence of slope break or effective barriers. A depositional model has been generated from the overall palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the microfacies in which the analysed microfacies indicate palaeoenvironments ranging from terrestrial to open marine settings; nine major depositional environmental zones have been identified and correlated with the standard Cenozoic carbonate ramp model. These zones distributed across the ramp setting, dipping southwest, in which zone 1 is a terrestrial deposit; zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 belong to the inner ramp; zone 6, 7 and 8 belong to the middle ramp and zone 9 belong to the outer ramp and basinal settings. Key words: Kirkuk Group, microfacies, Oligocene, Carbonate, Kurdistan, Iraq
BUNIYAL INDONESIA 'ALA KHAMSIN (MERAJUT TALI JIWA INDONESIA)
No full textBANYAK yang mengatakan bahwa Indonesia dengan Pancasilanya, sampai usia kemerdakaannya yang ke 68 hanya tinggal satu yang tersisa yaitu Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Indonesia, setidaknya sampai 2013 ini masih utuh, tidak seperti Cekoslovakia, Yugoslavia dan Uni Sovyet. Sedangkan yang lainnya, yaitu tujuan didirikannya negera ini, sampai presiden yang ke enam, tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda perbaikan yang signifikan. Untuk membuktikan pernyataan di atas ada baiknya kita telaah ulang sejarah bangsa dan Negara ini sejak dari awal. Sejak dari semula didirikan atau merdeka, Negara ini sudah terdiri dari masyarakat yang multiras dan etnik, yang menganut agama dan kepercayaan yang sangat beragam, baik agama maupun kepercayaan lokal (agama dan kepercayaan pribumi, indigineous religion) maupun agama atau kepercayaan yang datang dari luar seiring terjadinya mobilitas massif manusia, yang mendiami bumi pertiwi ini di berbagai pulau, baik besar maupun kecil. Semua komponen atau elemen bangsa tersebut berkomitmen untuk mengikatkan diri sebagai satu kesatuan dalam ke-Indonesiaan, dengan tidak menghilangkan identitasnya yang otentik dan melakukan pemaksakan untuk penyeragaman. Realitas inilah yang sering orang menyebutnya sebagai fenomena Bhineka Tunggal Ika atau unity in diversity atau e pluribus unum
Petrophysical Properties of the Upper Qamchuqa Carbonate Reservoir through Well Log Evaluation in the Khabbaz Oilfield
No full textKhabbaz oilfield has a symmetrical subsurface anticline with a length of 20 km and a width of 4 km. Despite the fact that Khabbaz oilfield has a small size structure, it is known as one of the massive Oilfields in Iraq. The reservoirs of Khabbaz oilfield are produced by both Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks. The Upper Qamchuqa reservoir is the most productive reservoir of the Khabbaz oilfield with thickness ranges between 138 to 170 m. This formation is subdivided into two units, from the top is Unit A with a thickness of 67 m and from the bottom is Unit B with a thickness of 84.5 m. From a full set of log data of three wells (Kz-1, Kz-13 and Kz-14), the petrophysical properties of Khabbaz oilfield has been evaluated. The wireline log data includes gamma-ray log, sonic log, neutron log, density log and resistivity logs, both Rxo and Rt logs. This study revealed that Unit A represents the best reservoir characteristics where Unit A is subdivided into six reservoir subunits named (1-A, 2-A, 3-A, 4-A, 5-A and 6-A). They are separated by five non-reservoir subunits named 1-N, 2-N, 3-N, 4-N and 5-N. In addition to a less porous reservoir unit that is called Unit B, which has been divided into four reservoir subunits named 1-B, 2-B, 3-B and 4-B. These are separated by five non-reservoir units named 1-N, 2-N, 3-N, 4-N and 5-N. It has been recognized that both reservoir units A and B are clean formations and have minimum shale volume with high porosity in limestone and dolomite to dolomitic limestone lithology with high oil saturation and low water saturation. Based on the above reservoir characteristics it can be concluded that the reservoir units of the Khabbaz oilfield contain a massive commercial hydrocarbon accumulation.</jats:p
Conflict of law and the methodology of Tarjīẖ : a study in Islamic legal theory
No full textIslamic law never achieved unity but expressed itself in, at least, four surviving schools. More interestingly, contemporary Muslim communities are still divided among themselves on a number of issues related to their laws. This work describes how problem of legal conflicts have been tackled by Muslim jurists. It is an attempt to examine closely the phenomenon of conflict in Islamic law from the standpoint of usūl-al-fiqh or Islamic legal theory. In fact, much is heard nowadays of the contradiction in the body of Islamic law. Whilst in contrast, little is presented in terms of the methodology of removing this conflict. The present work therefore, attempts to redress this balance. The emphasis of the work will be concerned primarily with tarjīh methodology ; how to give preference to one piece of evidence or argument over the other when they conflict. Nevertheless, considerable concern is given to investigating the background to the conflict of law in the Shari'ah.
This study of a neglected area in Islamic legal scholarship will be an important source of reference to students, both practising and theoretical jurists or to anyone who merely wishes to increase his knowledge of legal themes, particularly legal conflict. The very aim of the work is to argue that conflict is a natural and unavoidable consequence of legal study because legal conflict is only conflicting principles and arguments adduced by both the classical and modern jurists to reach what is actually intended by God in the target case. Therefore, conflicts are inevitable in most of the cases in fiqh owing to the variety of principles set out to deal with one piece of legal evidence, let alone with all the pieces of legal evidence in question.
Tarjīh is therefore, an important and workable instrument in the re-examination of these conflicts and in arriving at the most accurate principle for establishing the law for as long as this is possible. It is hoped that the discovery of new facts and the increase of knowledge which results from the broadening and deepening of the research will positively contribute to the process of unification of Islamic law
