290 research outputs found
Study of Lighting Methods at Al -Aqsa Mosque Before electricity
No full textمعلما معماريا بارزاً، ويشغل المشهد الحضري الفضاء البلدة القديمة في القدس، وبمرور الوقت أظهر المسلمون لتزاما عميقا بهندسته المعمارية وصيانته، وخاصة إنارته. وقد تمت المساهمة في إنارته من خلال الأوقاف والهدايا من زيت وفوانيس، مستلهمة من الحديث النبوي في فضل إثارة المسجد الأقصى. وعلى الرغم من أهميته وعمق مكانته، إلا أن هناك فجوة ملحوظة في الأبحاث المخصصة الدراسة طرق ومراحل إضاءته.
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى بحث وتوثيق أدوات وتقنيات الإضاءة المختلفة التي استخدمت الإضاءة المسجد على مدى فترات زمنية مختلفة تمتد من بداية تأسيس المسجد الأقصى عقب الفتح الإسلامي، وتسعى لتتبع التطور الذي طال المفاهيم والأشكال والتقنيات، وذلك من خلال التركيز على إضاءة المسجد عبر مراحله المعمارية المختلفة، حيث تقدم الدراسة لمحة شاملة عن تاريخ الإضاءة في جنبات.
يستخدم البحث منهجا متعدد التخصصات، ويعمل على دمج الأساليب التاريخية والتحليلية، والاستقرائية. والوصفية، والنقدية. وهو في هذا يعتمد على مجموعة متنوعة من المصادر والمراجع، بما في ذلك روايات الرحالة المبكرين الذين وثقوا ملاحظاتهم، علاوة على دراسة القناديل والثريات الأثرية الموجودة في الجامع الأقصى وقبة الصخرة، التي استخدمت في الإنارة، وهي من ضمن مقتنيات المتحف الإسلامي في المسجد الأقصى المبارك. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تتناول الدراسة عينة من سجلات محكمة القدس الشرعية، ومجموعة من التقارير الفنية الصادرة عن كل من المجلس الشرعي الإسلامي الأعلى ولجنة إعمار المسجد الأقصى، مدعمة بالصور الفوتوغرافية القديمة والمخططات المعمارية. وتشمل المصادر الثانوية الكتب الأكاديمية، والمجلات الدورية، والصور التاريخية، ولا سيما ما توفر من مكتبة الكونجرس الأمريكية.
وتكشف الدراسة أن التغيرات الهادفة للاستفادة القصوى من الإضاءة الطبيعية داخل الجامع الأقصى تزامنت مع تعديلات معمارية عبر العصور المختلفة، بدأ من الفترة الأموية إلى عهد المجلس الشرعي الإسلامي الأعلى، ولا سيما في عدد الأروقة والنوافذ. وتبين من البحث أن هناك انسجام بين تصميم الجامع الأقصى مع حركة الشمس خلال الفصول المتعاقبة، مما يعزز من دور الإضاءة الطبيعية مع الحفاظ على الراحة الحرارية للمصلين. وظهر أن تركيب نوافذ من الزجاج الملون في قبة الصخرة هدفت الى تنظم دخول الضوء للحفاظ على ألوان الزخارف والفسيفساء وعلى البيئة الروحانية. وسعت الدراسة إلى تحديد نسب النوافذ إلى الواجهة مع شدة الضوء في كل من الجامع الأقصى وقبة الصخرة.
The blessed Aqsa Mosque has profound sanctity, religious and spiritual significance for Muslims. It is considered a prominent architectural landmark, dominating the urban landscape of the Old City of Jerusalem. Over time, Muslims have demonstrated a deep commitment to its architecture, maintenance, and especially its illumination. Contributions to its lighting have been made through endowments and gifts of oil and lanterns, inspired by the Prophet's hadith on the virtue of illuminating al- Aqsa Mosque. Despite its importance and profound significance, there is a remarkable gap in research dedicated to studying the methods and stages of its illumination.
This study aims to investigate and document the various lighting tools and techniques used over different periods to illuminate the al-Aqsa Mosque, tracing the evolution in concepts, forms, and technologies. By focusing on the lighting of the Mosque through its various architectural phases, the study hopes to provide a comprehensive overview of its lighting history.
The research utilizes a multidisciplinary methodology, trying to integrate historical, analytical, inductive, descriptive, and critical approaches. The study is based upon a diverse range of sources and references, including accounts from earlier travelers who documented their observations, existing lanterns, and chandeliers in the al-Aqsa Mosque(al-jam’) and the Dome of the Rock, and lighting artifacts in the Islamic Museum at al-Aqsa Mosque. Additionally, the study examined a specimen of the endowment records from the Jerusalem Sharia Court, and technical reports from the Supreme legislative Islamic Council and the al-Aqsa Mosque restoration Committee. This data is supported by old photographs and architectural plans, in
addition to references which include academic accounts, such as peer-reviewed journals, and historical photographs, notably from the US Library of Congress.
The study reveals that the changes aimed at making the most of natural lighting inside al-Aqsa Mosque (Jam’) coincided with architectural modifications throughout different periods, starting from the Umayyad time to the days of the Supreme legislative Islamic Council, particularly in regards of the number of arcades and windows. The al-Aqsa Mosque’s (jam’) plan aligns with solar movement through the successive seasons, enhancing natural lighting while maintaining thermal comfort for worshippers. The installation of stained-glass windows in the Dome of the Rock ensured the regulating entry of the light, preserving the colors of decorations and mosaics, and maintaining a spiritual ambiance. The study quantifies window-to-facade ratios and light intensity in both the al-Aqsa mosque and the Dome of the Rock, noting a discrepancy between historical accounts of lantern numbers and the study’s findings. The lighting of the al-Aqsa Mosque was influenced by the region's security and economic stability, with a significant decline in endowment activities. While oil lamps primarily lit the al-Aqsa Mosque, wax lamps were used for the Dome of the Rock. Lighting operations followed a meticulously planned schedule, and precious metals like gold and silver were used in the design of chandeliers and candlesticks, valued for their aesthetic and durable qualities, and sometimes used as financial resources during crises.
For a comprehensive overview of the research divisions, including primary and secondary headings as well as the list of figures and images, please refer to the research index. The researcher aspires for this study to significantly deepen the understanding of the historical and functional aspects of lighting in the Al-Aqsa Mosque. This study aims to illustrate the harmony between natural and artificial lighting methods and to emphasize how the architectural evolution of the building over various historical periods has impacted the quality of illumination. Additionally, it seeks to explore how these changes affect the psychological and spiritual well-being of the space’s users
Hamas and Israel: conflicting strategies of group-based politics
No full textThis publication is a work of the U.S. Government as define
The Degree of Young People’s Knowledge of the new Election Law (4/2022) and its Relationship to their Attitudes towards Political Participation
No full textهدفت الدراسة إلى قياس درجة معرفة الشباب بقانون الانتخاب الجديد (رقم 4 لسنة 2022) وعلاقتها باتجاهاتهم نحو المشاركة السياسية، وفيما إذا كانت درجة المعرفة والاتجاهات تختلف باختلاف متغيرات: الجنس والعمر والمؤهل العلمي والحالة الاجتماعية والإقليم والانتماء الحزبي، ولتحقيق هذه الأهداف تم تصميم اختبار (اختيار من متعدد) حول قانون الانتخاب الجديد، ومقياس الاتجاه نحو المشاركة السياسية، وبعد التأكد من صدق وثبات الأداتين، تم توزيعهما على العينة المتيسرة من خلال رابط الكتروني، وبلغ عدد المستجيبين (267) شابا وشابّه، وأظهرت النتائج أن درجة المعرفة بقانون الانتخاب الجديد ضعيفة (41%) ، وأنّ هناك فروقا دالّة إحصائيا باختلاف الجنس ولصالح الذكور، والمؤهل العلمي ولصالح المؤهل الأعلى، والإقليم ولصالح إقليم الوسط، والانتماء الحزبي ولصالح المنتمين.
كما أظهرت النتائج أنّ اتجاهات الشباب نحو المشاركة السياسية متوسطة (3.59 من 5 ) بنسبة مئوية (72%) ، وأنّ هناك فروقا دالّة إحصائيا في اتجاهات الشباب نحو المشاركة السياسية باختلاف متغير العمر ولصالح الفئة العمرية (23 - 27)، وباختلاف الإقليم ولصالح إقليم الشمال، وباختلاف الانتماء الحزبي ولصالح المنتمين، وخلصت الدراسة إلى أنّه لا يوجد ارتباط بين درجة المعرفة بقانون الانتخاب وبين الاتجاهات نحو المشاركة السياسية، وفي ضوء النتائج قدمت الدراسة عدة توصيات أبرزها: زيادة المعرفة والوعي بالإصلاحات السياسية الأخيرة من خلال الجامعات والأحزاب ومؤسسات المجتمع المدني. The study aims to measure the degree of knowledge of young people about the new election law (No. 4 of 2022) and its relationship to their attitudes towards political participation, and whether the degree of knowledge and attitudes differ according to the variables: gender, age, academic qualification, social status, region and party affiliation. To achieve these goals, a multiple-choice test was designed on the new electoral law (20224/) and the measure of the attitude towards political participation. After verifying the validity and reliability of the two tools, they were distributed to the available sample through an electronic link, and the number of respondents was (267) young men and women. The results showed that the degree of knowledge of the new election law is weak (41%) and that there are statistically significant differences according to gender in favour of males, academic qualifications in favour of the higher qualification, the region in favour of the middle region, and party affiliation in favour of the party members.
The results also suggest that youths' attitudes towards political participation are medium (3.59 out of 5), i.e., a percentage of (72%) and that there are statistically significant differences in the attitude of youths towards political participation according to the age variable in favour of the age group (23-27), the region variable in favour of the Northern Region, and the party affiliation variable in favour of the party members. The study concluded that there is no correlation between the degree of knowledge of political reforms and attitudes towards political participation. In light of the results, the study made several recommendations, most notably: increasing knowledge and awareness of the recent political reforms through universities, parties, and civil society institutions
Reflection of Balfour Declaration on the modern Palestinian Poetry
No full textThis study deals with the reflection of Balfour declaration on the
Palestinian modern poetry during the British Occupation of Palestine between
1917 and 1948. It has studied this poetry from two sides the objectives and
artistic.
The reasons for choosing this study is due to the importance of the role
the poetry organized during the English Occupation of Palestine, so it got its
material from political and military events that swept over Palestine in that
period. Poetry resisted and fought the attempts that aimed at making Palestine a
Jewish state and establishing native homeland for Jews, so it bore unanimous
worry and care for the revolution. Palestinians memorized it, so it was a positive
signs for resistance and challenge.
What motivated me to this study is that this issue wasn’t studied in detail
and most modern literary studies dealt briefly with it and under titles like “The
life of the modern Palestinian literature since the beginning of renaissance till
Nakba” by Abdul Rahman Yagi, and the “Poetry of the Palestinian resistance”
by Husni Mahmoud. And the “National trends in modern Palestinian poetry” by
Mhammad Abdalla Atwat or under the title Poetry samples in the book “Modern
literary life in Palestine and Jordan by Naser Al-Deen Al-Asad and other
studies.
In this essay I followed the complementary method, the historical method
in the introduction and descriptive, analytic and statistical in the first two
chapters that is in the objective and artistic study in addition to the beauty
method in the artistic study.
For the study material, that is poetry said before Balfour Declaration, I got
it from thirteen Collection of Poems (Diwan) for the poets who talked about this
subject. They are: Ibrahim Al-Dabbagh, Ibrahim Tuqan, Iskandar Al-Khouri,
Hassan Al-Buhairy, Abdul-Rahim Mahmud, Mhammad Al-Adnani, Mhammad
Ali Saleh, Mohyi Al-Deen Easa Al-Safadi, Wadee Al-Bustani, and Haroun
Hashim Rashid. But the poetry of Salim Al-Ya’qoubi, I got it from the book of
“Hassan Falastin Salim” Abu Al-Iqbal Al-Ya’qoubi by Dr Sameer Shhada AlTamimi.
The main results of this study are:
A. This poetry has illustrated the catastrophe since the British announcement
of the declaration and denies of promises to the Arabs. It clarified the
British and Zionist plots against Palestine and her people in the period of
study and warned citizens against it.
B. It clarified the crimes of English Occupation and Zionist organizations
and their catastrophe.
C. It provoked for the armed revolution to resist the English Occupation,
Zionist organizations and getting freedom and independence for the sake
of dignitary life.
On the artistic level, it turned out that poets who dealt with this issue were
careful in creating the poem, method, poetry image and music without
preventing them from expressing their meanings.
The most important recommendations I reached is that I hope this study
will be followed by other studies to continue what I have begun with, since there
are areas of Palestinians poetry worth of the attention of researchers haven’t
been studied yet. Like:
A. Illustrating Palestinian’s lives its crimes and those of Zionist
organizations during the English Occupation.
B. Comparison between the poetry of Ibrahim Tuqan and Ibrahim AlDabbagh
concerning method and music.
C. Language in the poetry of Haroun Hashim Rashid and other fields and
issues of Palestinian modern poetry from both sides.
The best to end with “Thanks to ALLAH for everything”
Intellectual life in the Hijaz in the 17th century: The works and thought of Ibrahim al-Kurani (1025-1101/1616-1690)
No full textThis dissertation aims to situate the Ḥijāz within a broader narrative of Islamic intellectual history by demonstrating that the intellectual sciences, transmitted knowledge (i.e., from scripture), and Sufi theories and practices flourished there and together made the region one of the most intellectually dynamic centers of the 17th-century Islamic world. By exploring this understudied aspect of the history of post-classical Islamic thought, the dissertation aims to correct the tendency in both Western and Muslim scholarship to ignore this region and this time period. By showing that prejudices about the supposed decline of post-classical Islamic intellectual life are not based on solid evidence, my research offers convincing proof that this period witnessed interesting and original philosophical contributions that warrant further investigation. The principle case study used to support this argument revolves around the works and ideas of Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī, a leading scholar who is representative of Ḥijāzī intellectual activities in that period. The dissertation begins by investigating the local and global factors that transformed the Ḥijāz into one of the primary scholarly destinations of that era, and hence into a meeting point for all the major intellectual trends in the Islamic world during the 16th and the 17th centuries. Then it focuses on the life and writings of Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī in order to explore the extent to which philosophical, theological, and Sufi texts were disseminated, studied, and discussed. On the basis of a detailed account of around 80 of al-Kūrānī's works - mostly still in manuscript – the dissertation ultimately synthesizes his ideas into a coherent philosophical system, and shows that intellectual life in the Ḥijāz during the post-classical period was rich and dynamic.La vie intellectuelle dans le Ḥijāz au 17e siècleL'Œuvre et la pensée d'Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī (1025-1101/1616-1690)Cette thèse s'efforce de situer le Ḥijāz au sein du champ plus vaste de l'histoire intellectuelle islamique et entend démontrer que les sciences intellectuelles, les connaissances transmises (par exemple, à partir des écritures), et les théories et pratiques Sūfīes y étaient florissantes et qu'elles contribuèrent à faire de cette région l'un des centres intellectuels les plus dynamiques du monde musulman au 17e siècle. Grâce à l'exploration de cet aspect sous-étudié de l'histoire de la théologie islamique post-classique, cette thèse vise à corriger la tendance qu'ont en partage les universitaires occidentaux et musulmans, à ignorer cette région et cette époque. En montrant que les préjugés concernant la période post-classique ne se fondent ni sur une documentation précise ni sur un examen détaillé de la vie intellectuelle, ma recherche offre l'évidence manifeste que cette période a connu des contributions philosophiques intéressantes et originales qui mériteraient un examen plus approfondi. La principale étude de cas utilisée ici pour étayer cet argument gravite autour des travaux et des idées d'Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī, un érudit de premier plan, représentatif des activités intellectuelles d'un Ḥijāzī de cette époque.Cette thèse s'ouvre sur une recherche consacrée aux facteurs locaux et globaux grâce auxquels le Ḥijāz est devenu une destination savante de premier plan à cette époque, et conséquemment, un point de confluence de toutes les principales tendances intellectuelles représentées au sein du monde musulman durant les 16e et 17e siècles. Elle s'attache ensuite à étudier la vie et les écrits d'Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure les textes philosophiques, théologiques et Sūfīs étaient alors diffusés, étudiés et discutés. Sur la base d'un compte-rendu détaillé d'environ 80 œuvres d'al-Kūrānī — pour l'essentiel encore manuscrites — cette recherche se clôt sur une synthèse de ses idées en un système philosophique cohérent, synthèse qui permet de montrer que la vie intellectuelle dans le Ḥijāz durant la période post-classique était riche et dynamique
Web Application for Generating a Standard Coordinated Documentation for CS Students' Graduation Project in Gaza Universities
No full textInternational audienceThe computer science (CS) graduated students suffered from documenting their projects and specially from coordinating it. In addition, students' supervisors faced difficulties with guiding their students to an efficient process of documenting. In this paper, we will offer a suggestion as a solution to the mentioned problems; that is an application to make the process of documenting computer science (CS) student graduation project easy and time-cost efficient. This solution will decrease the possibility of human mistakes and reduce the effort of documenting process
STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN WRITTEN EXPRESSION IN THE DEPARTMENTS OF ENGLISH AND ARABIC AT AL-QUDS UNIVERSITY
No full textThis study aims to identify the nature of students’ difficulties in written expression in the Departments of English and Arabic at Al-Quds University. It also aims to identify the impact of each of the variables gender, level, department and achievement on the degree of students’ writing difficulties in both departments. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire was designed comprising 32 items applied to the study sample which consisted of 128 students from the Departments of Arabic and English at Al-Quds University in Palestine. The results of the study showed that students’ difficulties in written expression were fain in degree; they also revealed statistically significant differences in the averages of students’ difficulties in written expression due to gender in favor of females, and the presence of statistically significant differences in the averages of the difficulties in written expression due to level, and in favor of third and fourth year students; there were also statistically significant differences in the averages due to department and in favor of the Department of Arabic. The results of the study showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the averages of the difficulties of written expression due to level of achievement. Based on the results of the study, the researchers recommended the need to hold language activities in class, such as reading and writing articles and short stories, which overuse words and vocabulary that may help to develop students’ written expression, and there is a need to instate a course for written expression on the graduation plans of the above-mentioned departments, and the importance of taking into account students' tendencies when choosing topics that include written expression. Article visualizations
The application of Shari’ah and international human rights law in Saudi Arabia
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel UniversityThe present dissertation provides an analytical and comparative study of the application of Islamic law (Shari’ah) and international human rights law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It provides an analysis of the sources of Islamic law as well as the sources of international law to set the background for analysis and defines the nature of both laws. It also tackles the subject of the domestic application of international human treaties in Saudi Arabia.
In addition, it examines some reservations Saudi Arabia has entered to some of the international human rights treaties it has ratified, specifically the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). It also sheds some light on the political, cultural and religious obstacles to the realisation of norms protected by international human rights treaties in the country, and in other countries for that matter, clearly stating the impossibility of implementing the provisions of the international human rights treaties in their entirety. This is due to the various political and legal developments towards the internationalization of the concept of human rights. It observes that despite the existence of the international human rights treaties, which aim at reinforcing a universal realisation of international human rights, these rights cannot be possibly realised by all countries.
To stress the importance Saudi Arabia attaches to the issue of human rights, the dissertation discusses some rights of women before Saudi courts in family matters, an issue which has been criticised by some international human rights treaties, and examines to what extent the country has managed to tackle the issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against women. It provides an overview of the major causes of domestic violence against women in Saudi Arabia, presents some cases of domestic violence before Saudi courts and sheds some light on the measures taken by the Saudi government to combat domestic violence against women. It also tackles this issue both in the international and domestic legal frameworks, clearly stating the Islamic standpoint on the issue, namely that Islamic law, and Saudi Arabia for that matter, whose laws are essentially derived from the two main sources of Shari’ah. It also discusses the common forms of violence against women in Saudi Arabia and suggests a number of recommendations towards more effective protection of women against violence in the country.
The dissertation concludes by presenting a number of obstacles in the way of executing judicial decisions in the Kingdom as well as the obstacles which negatively affect the performance of the new code of law practice. It also presents some recommendations concerning personal status law obstacles and hindrances to progress and attempts to answer the research questions it has posed
“I wasn’t there”—Deniable, privacy-aware scheme for decentralized Location-based Services
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