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Photochemical functionalization of degradable polyesters for biomedical applications
No full textDepuis plusieurs décennies, les polyesters aliphatiques (polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA)) et leurs copolymères ont été retenus pour des applications médicales grâce à leur biodégradabilité et leur biocompatibilité. Parmi leurs applications médicales, on s’intéresse ici à la délivrance des médicaments par des copolymères amphiphiles et à l’ingénierie tissulaire. Les polyesters aliphatiques souffrent cependant d’une hydrophobie importante et de l’absence de groupes fonctionnels. Pour pallier ces problèmes, plusieurs stratégies demodifications chimiques ont été proposées dans la littérature parmi lesquelles on cite : l’hydrolyse, la modification par plasma, la post-polymérisation alcyne azoture et la modification photochimique thiol-yne. Ces modifications servent à introduire des polymères hydrophiles (ex. le polyéthylène glycol) ou des groupes fonctionnels qui peuvent améliorer la biocompatibilité de polyesters. Dans ce manuscrit, on s’intéresse à la modification de la PCL et du PLA par voie photochimique thiol-yne qui présente l’avantage d’être rapide, versatile, applicable en solution comme en surface et de ne pas nécessiter l’utilisation d’un catalyseur métallique qui peut être nocif pour les applications médicales. Dans une première partie, la modification de la PCL a été faite en solution et des copolymères amphiphiles PCL-g-PEG ont été synthétisés. La stratégie de greffage « grafting to » en deux étapes a été choisie en partant de polymères commerciaux. Une optimisation des conditions de modification par voie anionique de PCL, suivi d’une photoaddition thiol-yne, nous a permis d’obtenir des copolymères avec des balances hydrophiles/hydrophobes contrôlées. L’impact de l’hydrophilie des copolymères sur la formation de nanoobjets, leurs concentrations d’aggrégation critique et leurs tailles a été étudié. L’encapsulation de curcumine comme agent anticancéreux et la cytotoxicité des nanovecteurs envers des cellules cancéreuses ont été vérifiées. Dans un second temps, ces copolymères ont été décorés par un peptide de ciblage et un peptide clivable enzymatiquement en vue de leur utilisation dans des traitements anticancéreux. L’effet biologique de ces copolymères encapsulant des principes actifs est vérifié in vitro sur des cellules cibles exprimant plus ou moins d’intégrines ou de métalloprotéases. Dans une seconde partie, des fibres PLA ont été modifiées en surface par des nanoparticules inorganiques afin de générer des hybrides covalents d’intérêts pour des applications en ingénierie tissulaire. De manière analogue aux modifications en solution, ces hybrides ont été obtenus en deux étapes par modification par voie anionique de nanofibres de PLA, suivi par un greffage covalent de nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer en suivant une stratégie photochimique thiol-yne.For decades, aliphatic polyesters (polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA)) and their copolymers have been selected for medical applications because of their biodegradability and their biocompatibility. Among their medical applications, we are interested in drug delivery system based on amphiphilic copolymers and tissue engineering. However, aliphatic polyesters suffer from significant hydrophobicity and the absence of functional groups. To overcome these drawbacks, several strategies ofchemical modifications have been reported in literature among which we present: hydrolysis, plasma modification, post polymerization modification by copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition and thiol-yne post polymerization modification. These modifications have been used to introduce hydrophilic polymers (eg. polyethylene glycol) or functional groups on the polyester chains that can enhance the biodegradability of polyesters. In this manuscript, we are interested in modifying PCL and PLA chains by thiol-yne photochemical route. This method is rapid, versatile, applicable in solution as well as on surface and it does not require the use of a metallic catalyst which can be harmful for medical applications. First, PCL modification was done in solution and amphiphilic copolymers PCL-g-PEG were synthesized. The strategy “grafting to” in two steps has been selected starting from commercial polymers. Conditions optimization of anionic activation, followed by thiol-yne photoaddition, allowed us to obtain copolymers with controlled ratios hydrophilic/hydrophobic. The impact of copolymers hydrophilicity on nanoobjets formulation, critical micelle concentration and sizes was studied. Curcumin encapsulation as an anticancer agent and nanocarriers cytotoxicity towards cancer cells were verified. In addition, these copolymers were then decorated with a targeting peptide and an enzymatically cleavable peptide in the aim of using them in cancer treatment. The biological effect of anticancer loaded copolymer was verified in vitro on target cells expressing more or less integrins or metalloproteases. Second, PLA fibers were modified with inorganic nanoparticles and generate covalent hybrids for purposes in tissue engineering of neuronal cells. Analogously to the solution modification, these hybrids were obtained in two steps by anionic activation of PLA fibers, followed by covalent grafting of iron oxide nanoparticles according to a thiol-yne photochemical strategy
Fonctionnalisation photochimique de polyesters dégradables pour applications en santé
No full textFor decades, aliphatic polyesters (polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA)) and their copolymers have been selected for medical applications because of their biodegradability and their biocompatibility. Among their medical applications, we are interested in drug delivery system based on amphiphilic copolymers and tissue engineering. However, aliphatic polyesters suffer from significant hydrophobicity and the absence of functional groups. To overcome these drawbacks, several strategies ofchemical modifications have been reported in literature among which we present: hydrolysis, plasma modification, post polymerization modification by copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition and thiol-yne post polymerization modification. These modifications have been used to introduce hydrophilic polymers (eg. polyethylene glycol) or functional groups on the polyester chains that can enhance the biodegradability of polyesters. In this manuscript, we are interested in modifying PCL and PLA chains by thiol-yne photochemical route. This method is rapid, versatile, applicable in solution as well as on surface and it does not require the use of a metallic catalyst which can be harmful for medical applications. First, PCL modification was done in solution and amphiphilic copolymers PCL-g-PEG were synthesized. The strategy “grafting to” in two steps has been selected starting from commercial polymers. Conditions optimization of anionic activation, followed by thiol-yne photoaddition, allowed us to obtain copolymers with controlled ratios hydrophilic/hydrophobic. The impact of copolymers hydrophilicity on nanoobjets formulation, critical micelle concentration and sizes was studied. Curcumin encapsulation as an anticancer agent and nanocarriers cytotoxicity towards cancer cells were verified. In addition, these copolymers were then decorated with a targeting peptide and an enzymatically cleavable peptide in the aim of using them in cancer treatment. The biological effect of anticancer loaded copolymer was verified in vitro on target cells expressing more or less integrins or metalloproteases. Second, PLA fibers were modified with inorganic nanoparticles and generate covalent hybrids for purposes in tissue engineering of neuronal cells. Analogously to the solution modification, these hybrids were obtained in two steps by anionic activation of PLA fibers, followed by covalent grafting of iron oxide nanoparticles according to a thiol-yne photochemical strategy.Depuis plusieurs décennies, les polyesters aliphatiques (polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA)) et leurs copolymères ont été retenus pour des applications médicales grâce à leur biodégradabilité et leur biocompatibilité. Parmi leurs applications médicales, on s’intéresse ici à la délivrance des médicaments par des copolymères amphiphiles et à l’ingénierie tissulaire. Les polyesters aliphatiques souffrent cependant d’une hydrophobie importante et de l’absence de groupes fonctionnels. Pour pallier ces problèmes, plusieurs stratégies demodifications chimiques ont été proposées dans la littérature parmi lesquelles on cite : l’hydrolyse, la modification par plasma, la post-polymérisation alcyne azoture et la modification photochimique thiol-yne. Ces modifications servent à introduire des polymères hydrophiles (ex. le polyéthylène glycol) ou des groupes fonctionnels qui peuvent améliorer la biocompatibilité de polyesters. Dans ce manuscrit, on s’intéresse à la modification de la PCL et du PLA par voie photochimique thiol-yne qui présente l’avantage d’être rapide, versatile, applicable en solution comme en surface et de ne pas nécessiter l’utilisation d’un catalyseur métallique qui peut être nocif pour les applications médicales. Dans une première partie, la modification de la PCL a été faite en solution et des copolymères amphiphiles PCL-g-PEG ont été synthétisés. La stratégie de greffage « grafting to » en deux étapes a été choisie en partant de polymères commerciaux. Une optimisation des conditions de modification par voie anionique de PCL, suivi d’une photoaddition thiol-yne, nous a permis d’obtenir des copolymères avec des balances hydrophiles/hydrophobes contrôlées. L’impact de l’hydrophilie des copolymères sur la formation de nanoobjets, leurs concentrations d’aggrégation critique et leurs tailles a été étudié. L’encapsulation de curcumine comme agent anticancéreux et la cytotoxicité des nanovecteurs envers des cellules cancéreuses ont été vérifiées. Dans un second temps, ces copolymères ont été décorés par un peptide de ciblage et un peptide clivable enzymatiquement en vue de leur utilisation dans des traitements anticancéreux. L’effet biologique de ces copolymères encapsulant des principes actifs est vérifié in vitro sur des cellules cibles exprimant plus ou moins d’intégrines ou de métalloprotéases. Dans une seconde partie, des fibres PLA ont été modifiées en surface par des nanoparticules inorganiques afin de générer des hybrides covalents d’intérêts pour des applications en ingénierie tissulaire. De manière analogue aux modifications en solution, ces hybrides ont été obtenus en deux étapes par modification par voie anionique de nanofibres de PLA, suivi par un greffage covalent de nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer en suivant une stratégie photochimique thiol-yne
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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