8 research outputs found
DETERMINANTS OF INFLATION IN NIGERIA: A CO- INTEGRATION APPROACH
No full textInflation is undeniable one of most leading and dynamics macroeconomics issues confronting almost all economies of the world. Its dynamism has made it an imperative issue to be considered. Hence the study examines the factors affecting inflation in Nigeria. Time series data were employed for the study. The data was sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive statistics and cointegration analysis were the analytical tools used. It was observed that there were variations in the trend pattern of inflation rate. Some of the variables considered were significant in determining inflation in Nigeria. The previous total export was found to have a negative impact on current inflation while the previous total import exerts a positive effect likewise the food price index. It has thus been recommended that policies that will set the interest rate to a level at which it will encourage investment and increase in production level could be institutionalized, importation should be reduced in Nigeria such that it will not encourage change of consumer taste resulting to inflating prices, exchange rate system should be maintained at a level that will not impose threat on the Nigeria economy and the domestic consumption of petroleum product should be focused, not only exportation.Financial Economics,
Yoruba Culture and Its Influence on The Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria
No full textThis thesis focuses on the contributions of the Yorùbá culture to the development of modern Nigerian popular music. It traces the origin, conception and growth of popular music styles in Nigeria and highlights the underlying Yorùbá cultural cum linguistic influence that nurtured their growth within the urban space of Lagos city. It examines how contemporary Nigerian popular music practitioners appropriate the Yorùbá culture in negotiating their musical and national identities and counteract popular music homogenization through the creation of hybrid musical styles and cultures. The work adopts a multi-dimensional research approach that involves cultural, musicological, historical, anthropological and socio-linguistical tools. Adopting the participant-observer method with Lagos as the primary fieldwork site, additional data were sourced along with interviews of key informants through bibliographic and discographic methods.
The study reveals the importance of Lagos as a major factor that contributed to the development of Nigeria‘s popular music practice as exemplified in genres like jùjú, fújì and afrobeat, and discovers that the Yorùbá language has gradually become the dominant medium through which artists express their musical identity as typified by current mainstream hip hop music. Extending earlier work by scholars such as Barber, Waterman and Euba and recent works in hip hop linguistics by Alim and Omoniyi, the thesis contributes to the growing body of research within popular music through the discipline of ethnomusicology, especially in the emerging area of academic inquiry into indigenous African hip hop culture
The Role of Socio-Cultural and Economic Factors in Shaping Family Planning Practices among Women in Ibarapa West Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria
No full textFamily planning services play a crucial role in improving maternal health, reducing unintended pregnancies, and achieving sustainable development goals. However, accessibility and utilization of these services remain a challenge, particularly in rural areas like Ibarapa North West LGA, Nigeria. Various socio-economic, cultural, and infrastructural barriers hinder effective family planning practices among women of childbearing age.ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the factors influencing the accessibility and utilization of family planning services among women of childbearing age in Ibarapa North West LGA, with a focus on identifying barriers and utilization patterns.Method of AnalysisA cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire administered to 350 women of childbearing age selected through multistage sampling. Descriptive statistics, including frequency counts, percentages, and mean ranking, were used to analyze the data. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 facilitated the data analysis.ResultsThe study revealed that 85.7% of respondents had access to free consultations, yet only 61.4% could access sterilization services. Financial capacity (74.3%), educational status (69.4%), and cultural restrictions (48.3%) emerged as significant barriers to family planning utilization. The most preferred contraceptive methods were natural methods (70.1%) and condoms (59.8%), while sterilization and injections were less popular. Despite the availability of family planning services, misconceptions, lack of trained personnel, and cultural beliefs hindered optimal utilization.ConclusionThe findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address barriers to family planning services, including subsidized costs, improved healthcare infrastructure, and culturally sensitive educational campaigns. Enhanced collaboration between policymakers, healthcare providers, and IJIMM, Volume3,Issue2,2025ISSN: 2995-5319h8p://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJIMM/issue/view/3
Interna'onal Journal of Integra've and Modern MedicineCopyright © 2025The Author(s). This is an open-access ar;cle distributed under the terms of the Crea;ve Commons ABribu;on License (hBp://crea;vecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribu;on, and reproduc;on in any medium 7provided the original work is properly cited.community leaders is essential to promote the uptake of family planning services and improve maternal and child health outcomes.Keywords:Family planning, accessibility, utilization, socio-economic factors, cultural barriers, contraceptive methods, maternal health
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (EJST): MODELLING NIGERIA EXCHANGE RATE WITH OTHER CURRENCY USING AUTOREGRESSIVE MOVING AVERAGE (ARMA)
No full textEKSU JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (EJST)
EDITORIAL POLICY
EKSU Journal of Science and Technology (EJST) is a biannual Journal published by Ekiti State University, Office of Research, Development and Innovation. The Journal aims at periodically exhibiting and advertising the potential of research results within and outside the university as well as promoting dissemination of intellectual publications generally. The Journal, which is multidisciplinary and multicultural in nature covers the publication of original findings in Science and Engineering. It serves as a platform for academics, researchers, professionals, practitioners and students in the Science and Technology field to impart and share knowledge in the form of high quality practical, empirical and theoretical research papers, case studies, literature review and book reviews etc. from all over the world.
CALL FOR PAPERS
ABOUT EJST
Ekiti State University has been publishing journals at the Faculty and Departmental levels, But there is no university based journal. As part of the mandate of Ekiti State University, Office of Research, Development and Innovation (EKSUORD) to periodically exhibit and advertise the potentials of research results within the University as well as promoting the dissemination of intellectual publications generally, EKSUORDI announces the publication of a Science and Engineering based University journal EKSU Journal of Science and Technology (EJST). The Journal which is an international academic journal provides a platform natural, agricultural, environmental, medical scientists and engineers as well as technologists to share and expand the knowledge of scientific advancements in the myriad disciplines of science and engineering and applied aspects.
AIMS AND FOCUS
EKSU Journal of Science and Technology aims to publish and disseminate original papers that:
address ethical or socioeconomic issues relating to modern agricultural and environmental science as applicable to developing countries;
contribute to the development of science and technology for economic advancement;
innovate near market or market ready technologies and processes
publish research findings on current topical issues in science and engineering of interest to both public and private
SCOPE
EJST will publish peer reviewed original research and critical reviews on agriculture, human nutrition or human health, scientific or technological information, with particular emphasis on interdisciplinary studies that explore the intersection of agriculture, science, engineering and environment.
DOMICILIATION
The Journal is domiciled in the Office of Research, Development and Innovation, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti.
iii
SECTION
In order to encourage researchers to publish their research articles in the field of Science and Technology, the following sections are introduced:
Section A- (Agricultural Science) Section B - (Natural Sciences)
Section C - (Engineering and Technology) Section D - (Medical Sciences)
Section E-(Environmental Sciences)
FREQUENCY
The frequency of the journal is bienial.
REVIEW PROCESS
There shall be a review process of manuscripts by independent referees who are conversant and versatile in the pertinent subject area.
Authors should strive for maximum clarity of expression. Material which is not essential to the continuity of the text (e.g., proofs, derivations, or calculations) should be placed in Appendices Materials which have been previously copyrighted, published, or accepted for publication will not be considered for publication in the journal.
The editorial board is highly committed to the quick review process of the paper, but not with the sacrifice of the right judgment of a paper. The review process takes maximum of six weeks.
PROCEDURE FOR MANUSCRIPTACCEPTANCE FOR PUBLICATION
The manuscript would be sent to three (3) reviewers, of which two (2) of the reviewers\u27 comment must be positive before acceptance, and the authors would have to effect all the corrections pointed out by the reviewers in the reviewers form.
PAGE CHARGE PROOFAND REPRINTS
Manuscript should be submitted as e-mail attachment to the corresponding author who will be contacted via e-mail on the corrections of the manuscript. This volume of EJST is sponsored by Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund). With the exception of minor typographical errors, no changes will be made on the manuscript at the proof stage. A hard copy of the appropriate section and five (5) off prints would be provided for the corresponding author of each paper.
ACCESSIBILITYAND SUBSCRIPTION
EJST will be available both in print (hardcopy) and online (softcopy) format at
www.academix.ng Online accessibility is by subscription. Information on purchase of any
section, biennial, quarterly or annual subscription can be obtained by contacting EKSUORD.
ARTICLE TYPES
Regular Articles, short communication, and review will be acceptable for publication in thejournal.
INFORMATION /GUIDES FOR AUTHOR
The title page should bear the author\u27s full names and affiliation of the names of corresponding author along with fax and e-mail information. Present addresses of authors should appear as a footnote.
Abstract should be informative and self-explanatory. Should be 100-200 words in length Abstract should be written in past tense-standard nomenclature should be
iv
Abbreviation should be avoided and no literature should be cited. List of nonstandard abbreviation should be added.
Manuscript should not exceed 15-20
Introduction should provide a clear statement of the problem, the relevant literature on the subject, and the proposed approach or
Materials and methods should be complete enough to allow experiments to bereproduced and results written in past tense should be presented with clarity and
Results should be explained, but largely without referring to the
Discussion should interprete findings in view of results obtained in present and past studies on the
Conclusion should be stated in few sentences at the end of the
Acknowledgment of people, grant, funds should be
Manuscript should be typed in double-line spacing with microsoft word on A4 size paper using 12 font size (Time New Roman)
Table should be kept to a minimum, and are to be typed double line-spaced through outincluding headings and The same data should not be presented in both table andgraph form or repeated in the text.
l Figure legend should be typed in numerical order on a separate sheet.
Graphics should be prepared using applications capable of generating high resolution Gif., TIFF, JPEG or Microsoft PowerPoint before pasting in Microsoft world manuscript
In the text, a reference identified by means of an author\u27s name should be followed by the date of the reference in parentheses. When there are more than two authors\u27 names mentioned, it should be the first author followed by et al. In the event that an author cited has two or more works published during the same year, the reference, both in text and in the reference list, should be identified by a lower case letter like, a\u27 and, b\u27after the date to distinguish the works. Example: Abayomi (2000), Agindotan et al. (2003), (Kelebeni, 1983), (Usman and Smith, 1992), (Chege, 1998;
Chukwura, 1987 a, b; Tijani 1993, 1995), (Kumasi et al., 2001).
References should be listed at the end of the paper in alphabetical order. Articles In preparation or articles submitted for publication, unpublished observations, Personal communications date, etc, should not be included in the reference but should only be mentioned in the article text (eg. A. Kingory, University of Nairobi, Kenya, personal communication, date) Journal names are abbreviated according to chemical abstracts.
Authors are fully responsible for the accuracy of references. Example: Chikere C. B, Omoni V.T, and Chikere B. 0. (2008). Distribution of potential nosocomial pathogens ina hospital environmental. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7:3535-3539.
Moran G. J, Amii R. N, Abrahamian F. M, Talan D. A. (2005), Methicilin resistantstaphylococcus aureus in community- acquired skin infections. Emeg. Infect. Dis. 11: 928-930.
Pelczar J. R. Harley J. P, Klein D. A. (1993) Microbiology: Concept and applications, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, pp 591-603.
Short Communication: Short communication are limited to a maximum of two figures and one They should present a complete study that is more limited in scope than is found
v
in fullength papers. The items of manuscript preparation listed above apply to short communications with the following differences:
Abstracts are limited to 100 words:
Instead of a separate materials and methods section, experimental procedures may be incorporated into fiqure legends and table footnotes;
Results and discussion should be combined into one
Copyrights
Submission of manuscript implies that the work described has not been published before, and that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. If and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors will agree to automatically transfer the copyrights to the publisher
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (EJST): MODELLING NIGERIA EXCHANGE RATE WITH OTHER CURRENCY USING AUTOREGRESSIVE MOVING AVERAGE (ARMA)
No full textEKSU JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (EJST)
EDITORIAL POLICY
EKSU Journal of Science and Technology (EJST) is a biannual Journal published by Ekiti State University, Office of Research, Development and Innovation. The Journal aims at periodically exhibiting and advertising the potential of research results within and outside the university as well as promoting dissemination of intellectual publications generally. The Journal, which is multidisciplinary and multicultural in nature covers the publication of original findings in Science and Engineering. It serves as a platform for academics, researchers, professionals, practitioners and students in the Science and Technology field to impart and share knowledge in the form of high quality practical, empirical and theoretical research papers, case studies, literature review and book reviews etc. from all over the world.
CALL FOR PAPERS
ABOUT EJST
Ekiti State University has been publishing journals at the Faculty and Departmental levels, But there is no university based journal. As part of the mandate of Ekiti State University, Office of Research, Development and Innovation (EKSUORD) to periodically exhibit and advertise the potentials of research results within the University as well as promoting the dissemination of intellectual publications generally, EKSUORDI announces the publication of a Science and Engineering based University journal EKSU Journal of Science and Technology (EJST). The Journal which is an international academic journal provides a platform natural, agricultural, environmental, medical scientists and engineers as well as technologists to share and expand the knowledge of scientific advancements in the myriad disciplines of science and engineering and applied aspects.
AIMS AND FOCUS
EKSU Journal of Science and Technology aims to publish and disseminate original papers that:
address ethical or socioeconomic issues relating to modern agricultural and environmental science as applicable to developing countries;
contribute to the development of science and technology for economic advancement;
innovate near market or market ready technologies and processes
publish research findings on current topical issues in science and engineering of interest to both public and private
SCOPE
EJST will publish peer reviewed original research and critical reviews on agriculture, human nutrition or human health, scientific or technological information, with particular emphasis on interdisciplinary studies that explore the intersection of agriculture, science, engineering and environment.
DOMICILIATION
The Journal is domiciled in the Office of Research, Development and Innovation, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti.
iii
SECTION
In order to encourage researchers to publish their research articles in the field of Science and Technology, the following sections are introduced:
Section A- (Agricultural Science) Section B - (Natural Sciences)
Section C - (Engineering and Technology) Section D - (Medical Sciences)
Section E-(Environmental Sciences)
FREQUENCY
The frequency of the journal is bienial.
REVIEW PROCESS
There shall be a review process of manuscripts by independent referees who are conversant and versatile in the pertinent subject area.
Authors should strive for maximum clarity of expression. Material which is not essential to the continuity of the text (e.g., proofs, derivations, or calculations) should be placed in Appendices Materials which have been previously copyrighted, published, or accepted for publication will not be considered for publication in the journal.
The editorial board is highly committed to the quick review process of the paper, but not with the sacrifice of the right judgment of a paper. The review process takes maximum of six weeks.
PROCEDURE FOR MANUSCRIPTACCEPTANCE FOR PUBLICATION
The manuscript would be sent to three (3) reviewers, of which two (2) of the reviewers\u27 comment must be positive before acceptance, and the authors would have to effect all the corrections pointed out by the reviewers in the reviewers form.
PAGE CHARGE PROOFAND REPRINTS
Manuscript should be submitted as e-mail attachment to the corresponding author who will be contacted via e-mail on the corrections of the manuscript. This volume of EJST is sponsored by Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund). With the exception of minor typographical errors, no changes will be made on the manuscript at the proof stage. A hard copy of the appropriate section and five (5) off prints would be provided for the corresponding author of each paper.
ACCESSIBILITYAND SUBSCRIPTION
EJST will be available both in print (hardcopy) and online (softcopy) format at
www.academix.ng Online accessibility is by subscription. Information on purchase of any
section, biennial, quarterly or annual subscription can be obtained by contacting EKSUORD.
ARTICLE TYPES
Regular Articles, short communication, and review will be acceptable for publication in thejournal.
INFORMATION /GUIDES FOR AUTHOR
The title page should bear the author\u27s full names and affiliation of the names of corresponding author along with fax and e-mail information. Present addresses of authors should appear as a footnote.
Abstract should be informative and self-explanatory. Should be 100-200 words in length Abstract should be written in past tense-standard nomenclature should be
iv
Abbreviation should be avoided and no literature should be cited. List of nonstandard abbreviation should be added.
Manuscript should not exceed 15-20
Introduction should provide a clear statement of the problem, the relevant literature on the subject, and the proposed approach or
Materials and methods should be complete enough to allow experiments to bereproduced and results written in past tense should be presented with clarity and
Results should be explained, but largely without referring to the
Discussion should interprete findings in view of results obtained in present and past studies on the
Conclusion should be stated in few sentences at the end of the
Acknowledgment of people, grant, funds should be
Manuscript should be typed in double-line spacing with microsoft word on A4 size paper using 12 font size (Time New Roman)
Table should be kept to a minimum, and are to be typed double line-spaced through outincluding headings and The same data should not be presented in both table andgraph form or repeated in the text.
l Figure legend should be typed in numerical order on a separate sheet.
Graphics should be prepared using applications capable of generating high resolution Gif., TIFF, JPEG or Microsoft PowerPoint before pasting in Microsoft world manuscript
In the text, a reference identified by means of an author\u27s name should be followed by the date of the reference in parentheses. When there are more than two authors\u27 names mentioned, it should be the first author followed by et al. In the event that an author cited has two or more works published during the same year, the reference, both in text and in the reference list, should be identified by a lower case letter like, a\u27 and, b\u27after the date to distinguish the works. Example: Abayomi (2000), Agindotan et al. (2003), (Kelebeni, 1983), (Usman and Smith, 1992), (Chege, 1998;
Chukwura, 1987 a, b; Tijani 1993, 1995), (Kumasi et al., 2001).
References should be listed at the end of the paper in alphabetical order. Articles In preparation or articles submitted for publication, unpublished observations, Personal communications date, etc, should not be included in the reference but should only be mentioned in the article text (eg. A. Kingory, University of Nairobi, Kenya, personal communication, date) Journal names are abbreviated according to chemical abstracts.
Authors are fully responsible for the accuracy of references. Example: Chikere C. B, Omoni V.T, and Chikere B. 0. (2008). Distribution of potential nosocomial pathogens ina hospital environmental. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7:3535-3539.
Moran G. J, Amii R. N, Abrahamian F. M, Talan D. A. (2005), Methicilin resistantstaphylococcus aureus in community- acquired skin infections. Emeg. Infect. Dis. 11: 928-930.
Pelczar J. R. Harley J. P, Klein D. A. (1993) Microbiology: Concept and applications, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, pp 591-603.
Short Communication: Short communication are limited to a maximum of two figures and one They should present a complete study that is more limited in scope than is found
v
in fullength papers. The items of manuscript preparation listed above apply to short communications with the following differences:
Abstracts are limited to 100 words:
Instead of a separate materials and methods section, experimental procedures may be incorporated into fiqure legends and table footnotes;
Results and discussion should be combined into one
Copyrights
Submission of manuscript implies that the work described has not been published before, and that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. If and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors will agree to automatically transfer the copyrights to the publisher
Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textChronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care addresses short-term conditions. Chronic conditions increasingly strain health systems, which are often unprepared for these demands. This study examines the burden of conditions requiring acute versus chronic care, including sequelae. Conditions and sequelae from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 were classified into acute or chronic care categories. Data were analysed by age, sex, and socio-demographic index, presenting total numbers and contributions to burden metrics such as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), and Years of Life Lost (YLL). Approximately 68% of DALYs were attributed to chronic care, while 27% were due to acute care. Chronic care needs increased with age, representing 86% of YLDs and 71% of YLLs, and accounting for 93% of YLDs from sequelae. These findings highlight that chronic care needs far exceed acute care needs globally, necessitating health systems to adapt accordingly.
© 2025. The Author(s)
Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
No full textBackground The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0.603 (0.400-1.00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0.002 (0-0) and 1.75 (0.698-4.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0.114 (0-0.403) to 1.87 (0.500-3.30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0.193 (0-0.900) and 6.94 (3.40-8.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59.1% (54.3-65.4) were aged 15-39 years and 76.9% (7.0-81.3) were male. Interpretation There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.AuthorOverflow(574
Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
No full textBACKGROUND: Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. FINDINGS: Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65-1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52-0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88-1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. INTERPRETATION: Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. FUNDING: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
