1,720,968 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Determining the role of exercise-induced heat in resistance exercise conditioning
Full text linkIntroduction: Exercise is known to increase body temperature, but the temperature of exercising muscle is under-examined, particularly in resistance exercise. Muscle temperature is of interest because muscle heating per se can promote hypertrophy and protect against atrophy. The aims of this project were to: (i) characterise muscle temperature responses to typical resistance exercise training regimes, (ii) investigate the feasibility of preventing the muscle temperature rise, and (iii) determine the extent to which exercise-induced heat underpins adaptations from resistance training. The hypotheses were that: i) high repetition, short-rest exercise would be the most thermogenic exercise regimen, and (ii) resistance training with prevention of exercise-induced rises in muscle temperature from the active muscle would attenuate hypertrophic and strength adaptation, when compared to matched training with exercise-induced heat accumulation.
Methods: Two studies were completed. In Study 1, five physically-active participants (two females) undertook three work-matched resistance exercise sessions in randomised order, on separate days. Unilateral bicep curls were used in sessions representing hypertrophy training (3x10 repetitions at 67% 1RM), strength-endurance training (3x20 repetitions at 34% 1RM), and strength training (6x4 repetitions at 84% 1RM). Thereafter, the feasibility of preventing muscle temperature rise during a strength session was assessed using arm immersion in 14°C water for 10 minutes preceding the first exercise set and between each remaining set.
Study 2 was a preliminary study on the effects of muscle temperature on adaptations to resistance exercise. Five healthy non-resistance trained participants (three females) completed a 6-week bicep curl resistance training programme using a contralateral limb-control design. Eighteen strength training sessions (6x4 repetitions at ~80% 1RM) were completed with one arm randomised to train in a cool state (“cool”, as described above) and the other arm training with natural heat accumulation (“warm”).
Results: Study 1: The three regimes increased biceps brachii temperature to a similar extent; 2.0±0.8°C for hypertrophy, 2.5±1.0°C for strength-endurance, and 2.2±0.5°C for strength training (baseline: 35.3±0.8°C; time: p<0.001; condition: p=0.489; interaction: p=0.609). The first third of the exercise session accounted for 46±18%, 62±13% and 60±9% of the total muscle temperature rise for hypertrophy, strength-endurance and strength regimes, respectively (condition: p=0.147). Almost half (44±23%) of the muscle temperature increase was still evident after 15-min recovery, with no effect of condition (condition: p=0.649). Resistance exercise with cooling prevented muscle temperature exceeding its baseline (35.7±0.9°C; post- exercise: 34.6±1.2°C; p=0.164).
Study 2: Peak isometric torque increased in both arms, with no effect of condition (warm: 11±11%; cool 4±7%; time: p=0.033; condition: p=0.310). Bicep curl 1RM increased similarly for both conditions (warm: 25±11%; cool 26±11%; time: p<0.001; condition: p=0.891). Trivial changes were observed in arm composition. Cool training attenuated increases in peak twitch amplitude, when assessed in a normothermic state in temperate conditions (warm: 38±26%; cool 2±7%; time: p=0.011; condition: p=0.016).
Conclusion: All three regimes of resistance exercise increased biceps brachii temperature substantially and for a prolonged period. Immersion cooling effectively prevented any such increase. Preventing exercise-induced elevation in muscle temperature did not attenuate functional or structural adaptations to strength training, thereby indicating that muscle temperature lacks a role or is redundant in strength adaptations, although this remains to be determined in a larger population
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Does the method of dehydration determine its effects?
No full textEffects of dehydration may differ depending on how it is induced. For example, ambient heat-induced dehydration might rely on extracellular fluid whereas exercise-induced dehydration might produce and especially release water from within active muscle cells (and liver), thereby causing less homeostatic disruption. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate the physiological and behaviour- mediating effects of exercise- vs heat- induced dehydration. A secondary aim was to investigate the kinetics of ad libitum rehydration following each method of dehydration. Twelve participants (age 33 ± 12 y, height 172 ± 7 cm, body mass 74.4 ± 13.4 kg, V̇O2max 50.7 ± 9.0 mL/kg/min, mean ± SD; 5 females) completed four trials; they 1) dehydrated to a mild extent (3% ∆BM) or 2) rehydrated to prevent ∆BM under passive heat stress (~40˚C, 60% RH; PD, PR) or exercise heat stress (cycling intervals at ~90% V̇O2max in 29˚C, 50% RH; AD, AR). Following trials, participants rehydrated ad libitum for 2 h with water and sports drink. Plasma volume (PV), plasma osmolality (Posm), body mass (BM), thirst, urine indices, rectal core temperate (Tcore), skin temperature (Tskin), thermal sensations and blood pressure were measured at baseline and 1, 2, 3% gross ∆BM, as well as (with the exception of Tcore and Tskin) 1, 2 and 24 h following trials. Respired gas was also measured at 1%, 2%, 3% gross ∆BM to determine rates of substrate oxidation. PV decreased 2.3% more, and Posm rose 0.8 mOsmol/kg more, per % ∆BM in passive vs. exercise-induced dehydration (p=0.003, p=0.087, resp.), however, after controlling for hydration state by subtracting respective changes across the corresponding rehydration trials, these differences were not reliably evident. Specifically, PV reduction was 1.2 vs. 0.4% per % ∆BM during passive heat vs. exercise (p=0.550), while Posm rose by 4 vs 5 mOsmol/kg per % ∆BM (p=0.880). However, ‘full rehydration’ during these stress periods decreased Posm by 8 ± 5 and 11 ± 5 mOsmol/kg below baseline in passive and active trials, respectively (main effect: p<0.001) despite incomplete restoration of PV. Following a 2-h rehydration period, ad libitum fluid intakes following passive and active dehydration restored PV within 2 h, despite incomplete replacement of ∆BM (72% and 75%, resp.). Therefore, PV and Posm are better maintained during exercise-induced dehydration; however, this seems unable to be attributable to endogenous water production or release, but rather a mechanism induced by ‘exercise’ in combination with ‘dehydration’. Full replacement of 3% ∆BM during or immediately after dehydration, causes substantial hypotonicity and thus seems inappropriate. Ad libitum fluid intakes following passive and active dehydration restore PV despite incomplete replacement of ∆BM
Determining the role of exercise-induced heat in resistance exercise conditioning
No full textIntroduction: Exercise is known to increase body temperature, but the temperature of exercising muscle is under-examined, particularly in resistance exercise. Muscle temperature is of interest because muscle heating per se can promote hypertrophy and protect against atrophy. The aims of this project were to: (i) characterise muscle temperature responses to typical resistance exercise training regimes, (ii) investigate the feasibility of preventing the muscle temperature rise, and (iii) determine the extent to which exercise-induced heat underpins adaptations from resistance training. The hypotheses were that: i) high repetition, short-rest exercise would be the most thermogenic exercise regimen, and (ii) resistance training with prevention of exercise-induced rises in muscle temperature from the active muscle would attenuate hypertrophic and strength adaptation, when compared to matched training with exercise-induced heat accumulation.
Methods: Two studies were completed. In Study 1, five physically-active participants (two females) undertook three work-matched resistance exercise sessions in randomised order, on separate days. Unilateral bicep curls were used in sessions representing hypertrophy training (3x10 repetitions at 67% 1RM), strength-endurance training (3x20 repetitions at 34% 1RM), and strength training (6x4 repetitions at 84% 1RM). Thereafter, the feasibility of preventing muscle temperature rise during a strength session was assessed using arm immersion in 14°C water for 10 minutes preceding the first exercise set and between each remaining set.
Study 2 was a preliminary study on the effects of muscle temperature on adaptations to resistance exercise. Five healthy non-resistance trained participants (three females) completed a 6-week bicep curl resistance training programme using a contralateral limb-control design. Eighteen strength training sessions (6x4 repetitions at ~80% 1RM) were completed with one arm randomised to train in a cool state (“cool”, as described above) and the other arm training with natural heat accumulation (“warm”).
Results: Study 1: The three regimes increased biceps brachii temperature to a similar extent; 2.0±0.8°C for hypertrophy, 2.5±1.0°C for strength-endurance, and 2.2±0.5°C for strength training (baseline: 35.3±0.8°C; time: p<0.001; condition: p=0.489; interaction: p=0.609). The first third of the exercise session accounted for 46±18%, 62±13% and 60±9% of the total muscle temperature rise for hypertrophy, strength-endurance and strength regimes, respectively (condition: p=0.147). Almost half (44±23%) of the muscle temperature increase was still evident after 15-min recovery, with no effect of condition (condition: p=0.649). Resistance exercise with cooling prevented muscle temperature exceeding its baseline (35.7±0.9°C; post- exercise: 34.6±1.2°C; p=0.164).
Study 2: Peak isometric torque increased in both arms, with no effect of condition (warm: 11±11%; cool 4±7%; time: p=0.033; condition: p=0.310). Bicep curl 1RM increased similarly for both conditions (warm: 25±11%; cool 26±11%; time: p<0.001; condition: p=0.891). Trivial changes were observed in arm composition. Cool training attenuated increases in peak twitch amplitude, when assessed in a normothermic state in temperate conditions (warm: 38±26%; cool 2±7%; time: p=0.011; condition: p=0.016).
Conclusion: All three regimes of resistance exercise increased biceps brachii temperature substantially and for a prolonged period. Immersion cooling effectively prevented any such increase. Preventing exercise-induced elevation in muscle temperature did not attenuate functional or structural adaptations to strength training, thereby indicating that muscle temperature lacks a role or is redundant in strength adaptations, although this remains to be determined in a larger population
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