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The theme of story in William Stryron’s the confessions of nat turner novel: Genetic structuralism approach
No full textABSTRACT
Literary works cannot be separated from people’s life, because it is one of the mediators to get the information of a certain social condition, Hypolite Taine (in Fananie, 2000): 1 7 ا) states that literature is not only imaginative and individual, but it is as picture of culture, the appearance of the idea when the literature is created. Literature exist because people’s hunger of information. Literature could be one of the sharing experience mediators.
Especially novel, it has function as the way to get source of information about the certain society, historical background, and social ethnics. It is also as a media to get some new experiences, knowledges, andjudgements of life.
Novel, however, is conducted by two kinds of elements. They are intrinsic elements; such as theme, plot, character, point of view, setting, etc, and extrinsic elements; such as historical background, social background, political background, author worldview, etc. Both elements give contribution to the quality of novel.
Related to that case, the researcher has to analyze intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements. Although there are many intrinsic elements of fiction, the importance of a whole literary work is theme. William Styron’s The Confessions of Nat Turner is a historical novel that presents the slavery in Virginia in 1831 ’s (19'1 Century). It is consist of four parts that describes the slavery in Virginia. That’s why the research could be related to both intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements. Therefore, the problems of the study can be formulated as; 1) what is the theme found in every part ofWilliam Styron’s The Confessions ofNal Turner novel? 2) How does the author relate the themes in the story with the real social condition in Virginia, North America in I831’s (للاول century) in which the story was composed? The objectives of this study are to find out the theme of the story in every parts in William Styron’s The Confessions of Nat Turner and to describe how does the author relate the themes in the story with the real social condition in Virginia, North America in 1831 's (للاول century).
This research uses literary criticism in analyzing this novel, because it is the only method that is directly related to the literary works. In addition, the research uses the Genetic Structuralism as her approach, because this research related to the extrinsic elements but keep relevant with the intrinsic elements. Those elements are the theme, setting and character of the novel and the real social condition in Virginia, North America in I831’s (الاول century).
As the results of the study, the researcher found the theme of every part of the novel as:
ا . The white people did the violence toward the black people (their slave) that caused the hatred to them.
2. Along his past time (teenager time), being free man was Nat’s dream.
3. The rebellion begun, Nat Turner and his followers planned the rebellion and killed almost all of the white people in Southampton, Virginia.
4. Nat’s death was his return to his God’s love.
After finding these themes, the researcher concluded that the main theme
١٦un٦an right, that’s why no one has The ;freedom is a fundamental s٦\ لاآدع١ا؟ <؟١لأ١ ؟ه
a right to decide how much the freedom another person should have.
The last step, was find out the relationship between the themes in the story and the real social condition in Virginia, North America in 1831 ’s (19ا century). '1 here are three similarities between the theme of the storv and the real social condition in Virginia, North America in I831’s (ول century), they are: related to how the slaves scramble their freedom, the slave rebellion, and the location where the slavery took place.
The first similarity is related to how the slaves scramble their freedom. Styron describes that the black people have never been assumed as the human being, but they were just property, good or animal. All of the black children could not enjoy their teenager time؛ because they have to work all day long. Young girls would usually help in the house. Young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagon with crops. Through this novel, Styron depicts pains and sufferings that slaves undergo, 'rhe slave owners do not consider slaves as human being; they consider slaves as things that are not supposed to have feelings and thoughts.
The second similarity which is described by the author arc related to the slave rebellion happened in Southampton and the characters in the story,. The rebellion started on 2 Ist of August and ended on 22nd of August١83 !.The characters appeared in the novel were similar with the real men in the slave rebellion in Virginia. And the victims of the rebellion also stated in the novel, The rebellion was less than 2 days but the victims were about 55 white people, including male, female and children
The last similarity is related to the location where the slavery took place. Styron states in the novel that Nat Turner is in Southampton, Virginia. “This is Virginia in the year anno Domini 1 83 1 and you have labored under civilized and virtuous master.” (Nat, page 46). In 1831’s the slavery was really happened in Virginia.
Although this study is far from being perfect, but this study is hoped to be used as the reference for further researchers who want to analyze in the same field, especially literary works
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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