1,720,955 research outputs found
The colour of light for urban spaces
No full textLight in urban spaces was first introduced to prevent crimes against both people and properties and, while there is no study that confirms crimes' reduction in lit spaces, it is undeniable that people feel safer in lit urban spaces. Over the years it became evident that light can also improve the liveability of cities and enhance their characteristics, therefore in the last years a growing attention was paid to urban lighting design taking into account the environmental impact and energy saving requirements too. The will to use the lighting design project to improve the liveability of historical centres it’s clear: the city during the night is no more conceived like a sum of lit architectures but, thanks to a good lighting design project, it could complete the image that the city has during the day with perspectives, views and glimpses correctly illuminated, giving a global sense of the environment while making it safer. To properly highlight building facades and monuments, an accurate study of materials and chromaticity needs to be conducted and in this paper a methodology to do so is proposed. This method was developed after a research on the evaluation of chromatic changes of objects lit by sources with different SPDs and it is also based on the concept of visual saliency. Visual saliency is the perceptive quality that makes an object discernible and capable of instantly catching the eyes and mind attention; our brain automatically creates "saliency maps" of everything we see and using an algorithm it is possible to graphically recreate these maps to understand what attracts the eyes' attention in order to enhance it. Luminance is one of the factor that adds or takes saliency to an object: by increasing or decreasing luminance values it is possible to attract or repel the eyes' attention. Today there is a tendency to recommend a specific luminance ratio between an object and its background, using a higher luminance contrast to achieve a higher visibility level and this is typical of objects with a uniform background. However, in urban situations objects have complex backgrounds and it is important to remember that an object's saliency also depends on its background. A single salient target draws the attention irrespective of the number of the other not salient elements on the background, but when these elements increase in luminance, the main target loses visibility and saliency. It is also really important to consider that there may also be different levels of saliency. The methodology was then applied to a case study in the historical centre of Naples
Proposta di una metodologia per illuminare i centri storici
No full textLa corretta illuminazione di uno spazio urbano non può prescindere da uno studio accurato dei materiali, dei colori e da un'approfondita conoscenza storica ed architettonica del contesto: molto spesso vi sono delle incertezze nel condurre in modo sistematico questi studi preliminari e non vi è una metodologia di riferimento per affrontare la progettazione in contesti così complessi.
Per questi motivi in questo articolo si propone una metodologia che rappresenta un tentativo di fornire una guida per progettare la luce rispettando i materiali, i colori e l'architettura di uno spazio urbano. L'illuminazione delle cortine edilizie, delle piazze e dei monumenti differisce profondamente dall'illuminazione stradale che è sottoposta ad altre regole ed esigenze e la metodologia qui presentata è orientata alla progettazione dell'illuminazione per le aree non destinate al traffico veicolare.
Per testare questa metodologia si è scelto un caso studio individuato da uno spazio urbano esistente all'interno del centro storico di Napoli: Piazza Sisto Riario Sforza. La scelta di questa piazza è stata fatta in quanto essa è esemplificativa della cattiva illuminazione spesso riscontrabile in simili contesti
Experimental evaluation of chromatic changes of colored objects under fluorescent lamps and LEDs and perceptual responses
No full textIn the field of electric lighting, the increasing popularity and spread of the LED sources, together with the availability of traditional lamps with different spectral
characteristics, compels the designer to consider in his choices not only aspects related to energy saving, but also to take into account lighting quality, meaning for it a correct and pleasant perception of the surrounding environment. Once fixed the values of illuminance and luminance distributions, the parameters that characterize the sources regarding quality of light, according to European Standard EN 12464-1, and that strongly influence the perception of objects and colors are the color appearance, identified by Correlated Color Temperature (CCT), and Color Rendering Index (CRI). However in presence of sources with similar CCT and CRI but with different Spectral Power Distributions (SPD), different
perceptual effects occur.
In this paper, the effects of two kind of sources, fluorescents and LEDs, both with high CRI, are examined. Results from measurements were analyzed and then put in
relation with results of tests on a significant number of subjects
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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