1,721,002 research outputs found
Getting started with GMT: an introduction for seismologists
No full textThe Generic Mapping Tools is a free computer software package developed to help scientists, in particular, geoscientists, visualise their data. In this chapter, you will find basic examples to help you get started with making high-quality GMT figures and maps
Tibetan and Indian lithospheres in the upper mantle beneath Tibet: Evidence from broadband surface-wave dispersion
No full textBroadband seismic experiments over the last two decades have produced dense data coverage across Tibet. Yet, the mechanism of the India-Asia lithospheric convergence beneath it remains a puzzle, with even its basic features debated and with very different end-member models advocated today. We measured highly accurate Rayleigh- and Love-wave phase-velocity curves in broad period ranges (up to 5–200 s) for a few tens of pairs and groups of stations across Tibet, combining, in each case, hundreds to thousands of interstation measurements made with cross-correlation and waveform-inversion methods. Robust shear-velocity profiles were then determined by extensive series of nonlinear inversions of the data, designed to constrain the depth-dependent ranges of isotropic-average shear speeds and radial anisotropy. Temperature anomalies in the upper mantle were estimated from shear velocities using accurate petrophysical relationships. Our results reveal strong heterogeneity in the upper mantle beneath Tibet. Very large high-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle are consistent with the presence of underthrust (beneath southwestern Tibet) and subducted (beneath central and eastern Tibet) Indian lithosphere. The corresponding thermal anomalies match those estimated for subducted Indian lithosphere. In contrast to the Indian lithosphere, Tibetan lithosphere and asthenosphere display low-to-normal shear speeds; Tibetan lithosphere is thus warm and thin. Radial anisotropy in the upper mantle is weak in central and strong in northeastern Tibet, possibly reflecting asthenospheric flow above the subducting Indian lithospheric slab
Complex, multilayered azimuthal anisotropy beneath Tibet: Evidence for co-existing channel flow and pure-shear crustal thickening
Full text linkOf the two debated, end-member models for the late-Cenozoic thickening of Tibetan crust, one invokes “channel flow” (rapid viscous flow of the mid-lower crust, driven by topography-induced pressure gradients and transporting crustal rocks eastward) and the other—“pure shear” (faulting and folding in the upper crust, with viscous shortening in the mid-lower crust). Deep-crustal deformation implied by each model is different and would produce different anisotropic rock fabric. Observations of seismic anisotropy can thus offer a discriminant. We use broadband phase-velocity curves—each a robust average of tens to hundreds of measurements—to determine azimuthal anisotropy in the entire lithosphere-asthenosphere depth range and constrain its amplitude. Inversions of the differential dispersion from path pairs, region-average inversions and phase-velocity tomography yield mutually consistent results, defining two highly anisotropic layers with different fast-propagation directions within each: the middle crust and the asthenosphere. In the asthenosphere beneath central and eastern Tibet, anisotropy is 2–4 per cent and has a NNE–SSW fast-propagation azimuth, indicating flow probably driven by the NNE-ward, shallow-angle subduction of India. The distribution and complexity of published shear-wave splitting measurements can be accounted for by the different anisotropy in the mid-lower crust and asthenosphere. The estimated splitting times that would be accumulated in the crust alone are 0.25–0.8 s; in the upper mantle—0.5–1.2 s, depending on location. In the middle crust (20–45 km depth) beneath southern and central Tibet, azimuthal anisotropy is 3–5 and 4–6 per cent, respectively, and its E–W fast-propagation directions are parallel to the current extension at the surface. The rate of the extension is relatively low, however, whereas the large radial anisotropy observed in the middle crust requires strong alignment of mica crystals, implying large finite strain and consistent with high-rate horizontal flow. Together, radial and azimuthal anisotropy suggest eastward mid-crustal channel flow in central Tibet, along the regional topography gradient. In NE high Tibet, mid-crustal azimuthal anisotropy is 4–8 per cent and has WNW–ESE and NW–SE fast-propagation directions, parallel to the net extension at the surface. These fast directions are inconsistent with channel flow following the SW–NE regional topography gradient. Instead, they suggest similar net deformation in the (decoupled) shallow and deep crust. In the brittle upper crust, it is accommodated by strike-slip faulting; in the ductile mid-lower crust—by shear oriented at ∼45° to the faults. Although mid-crustal flow beneath NE Tibet may transport some material towards the plateau periphery at a low region-average rate, the dominant mid-crust deformation pattern is shear parallel to the plateau boundary. This implies that channel flow from central Tibet is not the main cause of the on-going crustal thickening farther northeast
Performance evaluation of Wied Dalam (WDD) seismic station in Malta
Full text linkThe continual operation of a permanent seismograph, now exceeding a couple of decades in some cases, naturally involves changes of hardware and software over time. Nonetheless, the long-term, consistent performance of the seismic station, and the good quality of its data, is very important for national seismic studies investigating the local seismicity, and also important for the international seismological community researching regional tectonics and deep Earth structures. Here we investigate the data availability and quality of the currently only seismic station on Malta (WDD) since its installation in 1995, and establish spectral patterns in the seismic data that may be influenced by diurnal variations, seasonal weather changes, and/or site-specific settings. The results are important for the future deployment of permanent seismic stations on the Maltese islands, and for the analysis of local seismic hazard and ground motion studies
The Easter Sunday 2011 earthquake swarm offshore Malta: analysis on Felt Reports
Full text linkIn the last forty years, Malta has only experienced a few occasional tremors from local or regional earthquakes, with only some being reported briefly in the local newspapers. These reports gave limited qualitative and quantitative information about the shaking experience felt across the islands. The Seismic Monitoring and Research Unit at the University of Malta has put in place a ‘Did you feel an earthquake?’ online questionnaire in order to start gathering information from locally felt earthquake related shaking. On Easter Sunday 24th of April 2011 windows rattled, doors shook open, and furniture shifted in many homes across Malta when a series of earthquakes occurred 38 km off the eastern coast. In total, the SMRU located 15 earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from M L 1.8 to 4.1 over a period of 4 days. A total of 489 felt reports were submitted through the online questionnaire. The compilation of the data is a first of its kind for the Maltese islands. Here we present a summary of the reports following the main shock. A maximum intensity value IV on the European Macroseismic Scale was assigned. No structural damage was reported. The data reflects the demographics as well as the different types of buildings found across the archipelago
Integrated geophysical-petrological modeling of lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in central Tibet using electromagnetic and seismic data
No full textWe undertake a petrologically driven approach to jointly model magnetotelluric (MT) and seismic surface wave dispersion (SW) data from central Tibet, constrained by topographic height. The approach derives realistic temperature and pressure distributions within the upper mantle and characterizes mineral assemblages of given bulk chemical compositions as well as water content. This allows us to define a bulk geophysical model of the upper mantle based on laboratory and xenolith data for the most relevant mantle mineral assemblages and to derive corresponding predicted geophysical observables. One-dimensional deep resistivity models were derived for two groups of MT stations. One group, located in the Lhasa Terrane, shows the existence of an electrically conductive upper mantle layer and shallower conductive upper mantle layer for the other group, located in the Qiangtang Terrane. The subsequent one-dimensional integrated petrological-geophysical modeling suggests a lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) at a depth of 80–120 km with a dry lithosphere for the Qiangtang Terrane. In contrast, for the Lhasa Terrane the LAB is located at about 180 km but the presence of a small amount of water in the lithospheric mantle (<0.02 wt%) is required to fit the longest period MT responses. Our results suggest two different lithospheric configurations beneath the southern and central Tibetan Plateau. The model for the Lhasa Terrane implies underthrusting of a moderately wet Indian plate. The model for the Qiangtang Terrane shows relatively thick and conductive crust and implies thin and dry Tibetan lithosphere
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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