1,721,452 research outputs found
First- and second-generation antipsychotic drug treatment and subcortical brain morphology in schizophrenia
No full textAntipsychotic medication may influence brain structure, but to what extent effects of first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) differ is still not clear. Here we aimed to disentangle the effects of FGA and SGA on variation in volumes of subcortical structures in patients with long-term treated schizophrenia. Magnetic resonance images were obtained from 95 patients with schizophrenia and 106 healthy control subjects. Among the patients, 40 received only FGA and 42 received only SGA. FreeSurfer 5.3.0 was used to obtain volumes of 27 subcortical structures as well as total brain volume and estimated intracranial volume. Findings of reduced total brain volume, enlarged ventricular volume and reduced hippocampal volume bilaterally among patients were replicated, largely independent of medication class. In the basal ganglia, FGA users had larger putamen bilaterally and right caudate volume compared to healthy controls, and the right putamen was significantly larger than among SGA users. FGA and SGA users had similar and larger globus pallidus volumes compared to healthy controls. Post hoc analyses revealed that the difference between FGA and SGA could be attributed to smaller volumes in the clozapine users specifically. We therefore conclude that basal ganglia volume enlargements are not specific to FGA
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The epidemiology of early-onset psychosis
No full textThis chapter provides an overview of population-based epidemiological studies on the incidence and prevalence of early-onset psychosis (EOP; onset of illness before age 18 years) and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) in adolescence. The incidence of EOP increases between 13 and 18 years of age, and peaks in young adulthood. Moreover, most studies suggest an increased incidence of EOP in boys compared to girls, but findings vary depending on contextual factors including diagnostic criteria. Compared to the relatively rare occurrence of EOP, PLE are common in adolescence. Contrary to EOP, the prevalence of PLE declines from childhood to adolescence and adulthood. Methodological considerations and suggestions for future research are discussed.</p
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Long-term development and outcome of early-onset psychosis
No full textThis chapter explores the current knowledge on the long-term development and outcome of adolescents with psychotic disorders. The outcome of individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses has long been considered extremely poor, especially with illness onset in childhood or adolescence. We find evidence of cognitive deficits, lower educational level, and lower labor market affiliation among adolescents with psychosis compared to the general population. Furthermore, we find increased risk of substance abuse among these patients as well as increased risk of mortality and suicidality among adult patients with psychosis. However, current knowledge indicates that in the long-term, a substantial part of adolescents diagnosed with psychotic disorders manage or recover from their illness and have outcomes similar to individuals with illness onset later in life. Early intervention services, including treatment of substance abuse and suicide prevention, are therefore critical and hold promise for improved long-term outcome for these patients.</p
Current treatment options in early-onset psychosis
No full textThe recommended treatment for psychosis in adolescents is antipsychotic medication combined with psychosocial interventions. However, the evidence base for especially psychosocial interventions is limited. Compared to adults, fewer antipsychotic medications have been approved for use in youth, who also have a higher risk of a less beneficial response and more side effects. Second-generation antipsychotics are recommended as the first pharmacological choice due to a lower risk of neuromotor and cardiac side effects compared to first-generation antipsychotics. Nevertheless, most second-generation antipsychotics show metabolic side effects. It is recommended that the psychosocial treatment should be managed by a multidisciplinary team working within a specialized early intervention model with focus on: (1) individual and family resources and resilience; (2) individualizing and adjusting the intervention; (3) managing associated comorbidities; (4) ensuring coherence in treatment course and collaborations with social and educational services.</p
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
