25 research outputs found
Aspects of immunogenetics, infections, and nutrition on the risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in an Ethiopian pediatric birth cohort
No full textBackground: Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the intestine in genetically susceptible individuals caused by loss of tolerance to the storage proteins (gluten) in wheat, rye, and barley. Little is known about CD and associated risk factors in Sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. The main aim of the present thesis was to explore how the incidence of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) associates with genetic and environmental factors with emphasis on the diet and infections in an Ethiopian pediatric population.Methods: Data from the general population were used for longitudinally prospective and retrospective studies. Serum samples collected from women and kept in a repository were examined for tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA) using radioligand binding assays (RBA). Children from a birth cohort were prospectively followed for CDA and evaluated for genetic risk factors (HLA-DQ). Screening for CDA was performed annually from age 2 years by an ELISA. Children with positive tTGA results were retested using RBA and if persistently confirmed as tTGA positive, they were defined as having CDA. Parents were interviewed to obtain information on diet and infections of the study participants. An integrated cohort provided information on maternal tuberculosis exposure. At the age of 4 years, serum samples from children were tested for serum Helicobacter pylori (HP) antibodies using an ELISA.Results: The prevalence of CDA ranged from 0.05% to 0.6% (1:2000 to 1:174). Children are more likely than adults to have CDA. There were no differences among the gender of the birth cohort. The distribution of the CD associated HLA risk-haplotypes, HLA-DQ2, and -DQ8, were comparable to that of the Swedish population. CDA was not associated with either Ethiopian traditional diet or Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori infections.Conclusions: Although prevalence of CDA in Ethiopian children had increased more than tenfold compared to a screened adult female population, it was still lower than the pooled global prevalence. Despite the differences in individual HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 predisposing risk-haplotypes for CD that were found between the Ethiopian and Swedish cohort, the distribution of CD risk-genotypes was overall the same. Neither was the frequency of consumption of cereals based on teff nor wheat among study participants associated with CDA. Moreover, neither latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure nor H. pylori infections were associated with the incidence of CDA
Aspects of immunogenetics, infections, and nutrition on the risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in an Ethiopian pediatric birth cohort [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textBackground: Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the intestine in genetically susceptible individuals caused by loss of tolerance to the storage proteins (gluten) in wheat, rye, and barley. Little is known about CD and associated risk factors in Sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. The main aim of the present thesis was to explore how the incidence of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) associates with genetic and environmental factors with emphasis on the diet and infections in an Ethiopian pediatric population. Methods: Data from the general population were used for longitudinally prospective and retrospective studies. Serum samples collected from women and kept in a repository were examined for tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA) using radioligand binding assays (RBA). Children from a birth cohort were prospectively followed for CDA and evaluated for genetic risk factors (HLA-DQ). Screening for CDA was performed annually from age 2 years by an ELISA. Children with positive tTGA results were retested using RBA and if persistently confirmed as tTGA positive, they were defined as having CDA. Parents were interviewed to obtain information on diet and infections of the study participants. An integrated cohort provided information on maternal tuberculosis exposure. At the age of 4 years, serum samples from children were tested for serum Helicobacter pylori (HP) antibodies using an ELISA. Results: The prevalence of CDA ranged from 0.05% to 0.6% (1:2000 to 1:174). Children are more likely than adults to have CDA. There were no differences among the gender of the birth cohort. The distribution of the CD associated HLA risk-haplotypes, HLA-DQ2, and -DQ8, were comparable to that of the Swedish population. CDA was not associated with either Ethiopian traditional diet or Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori infections. Conclusions: Although prevalence of CDA in Ethiopian children had increased more than tenfold compared to a screened adult female population, it was still lower than the pooled global prevalence. Despite the differences in individual HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 predisposing risk-haplotypes for CD that were found between the Ethiopian and Swedish cohort, the distribution of CD risk-genotypes was overall the same. Neither was the frequency of consumption of cereals based on teff nor wheat among study participants associated with CDA. Moreover, neither latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure nor H. pylori infections were associated with the incidence of CDA
Toxoplasmosis and Associated Risk Factors in Antenatal Clinic follow up Pregnant Women in Selected Health Institutes of Jigjiga, East Ethiopia
No full text
Men's Attitude towards Contraceptive Use in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis of 2000 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
No full textIn Ethiopia, family planning program is women slanting. Men '.r exclusion fromfamily planning strongly affects their preferred family size and attitude towardscOnlraceptive use. Some researchers also concluded toot women's attitude towardscontraception is strongly affected by their husband's attitudes. This article isdesigned to examine the influence of husband's attitude towards couple's currentcontraceptive use in Ethiopia. The 2000 Ethiopian Demographic Health Su",ey datais used as main data source. The qualitative data is also collected rhrough in·depthinte",iew from thirty·six currently married men in four regions (Tigray, Amhara,Oromiya and SNNPR). BOlh bivariate and multivariate analyses are applied in thestudy. Multilevel modeling was also further developed to identify the possiblecommunity level variation on couple 's current contraceptive use. Both bivariate andmultivariate analysis results showed that husband's approval of contraceptive /Lieand couple communicarion are statistically signijicanJ (at p<O.OI level ofsignificance) in contraceptive use, indicating that husbands who approve and discussfamily planning with partners oove positive altitude towards contraceptive use.Moreover, significant community level variations have beet! found in the multilevelmodel, demonstraring rhe existence of variation in husbands' attitude towardscontraceptive use across communities. The author suggests thaI the policy effortshould be made to enable men for realizing the positive consequence of theirapproval and discussion regarding family planning. Furthermore, the exisringfamilyplanning program in Ethiopia should focus on changing men's altitude towardsfamily planning
Complementary Feeding Habits in Children Under the Age of 2 Years Living in the City of Adama in the Oromia Region in Central Ethiopia : Traditional Ethiopian Food Study
No full textUpdated information on child feeding practices, nutritional status, and trends related to parental sociodemographic variables is required in developing countries. The objective of this study was to describe infant feeding practices and associated sociodemographic factors among Ethiopian children with an emphasis on complementary feeding (CF). Information on infant feeding and anthropometric measures was obtained from 1,054 mother-child pairs participating in a birth cohort study of children born between 2017 and 2020 prospectively followed in the city of Adama located in the Oromia region of central Ethiopia. Logistic regression models were used to identify sociodemographic and food groups associated with the initiation of CF. The introduction of complementary foods at 6 months of age was 84.7% (95% CI, 82.5, 86.8). Vegetables, cereals (teff, wheat, barley), and fruits were most often the earliest types of foods introduced. Wasting, stunting, underweight, and low body mass index (BMI) by age were found in 6.0, 16.9, 2.5, and 6.3%, respectively. Maternal age and occupation were the factors associated with timely initiation of CF [OR = 2.25, (95% CI, 1.14, 4.41)] and [OR = 0.68, (95% CI, 0.48, 0.97)], respectively. This study demonstrates that the majority of Ethiopian children in the Oromia region follow the recommendations of WHO on CF
Intrauterine HIV exposure is associated with linear growth restriction among Ethiopian children in the first 18 months of life
No full textObjective: The role of HIV exposure in determining growth among HIV-uninfected children is debated. We determined whether intrauterine HIV exposure influences linear growth in a cohort of Ethiopian children followed up to 18 months of age in public health facilities in Adama city, Ethiopia. Methods: Participants were offspring of pregnant women enrolled in a prospective cohort study that included screening for HIV infection during antenatal care. Growth patterns of HIV-exposed and uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed (HU) children were compared up to 18 months of age, with length-for-age z-score (LAZ) and proportion with stunting as primary outcomes. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were constructed to investigate the associations between HIV exposure and linear growth, controlling for socio-demographic factors and breastfeeding status. Results: Of 1705 included infants (164 HEU), 1276 remained in follow-up at 18 months. Among HIV-positive mothers, 132 (80.5%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy at enrolment. At the 18-month visit, mean LAZ was −1.08 among HEU children and −0.74 among HU children (p = 0.052). Proportions of HEU and HU children with stunting at the 18-month visit were 27.8% and 18.7%, respectively (p = 0.010). In multivariable models, HIV exposure was associated with lower LAZ at all follow-up visits, and with stunting at the 18-month visit (adjusted odds ratio 2.29, 95% confidence interval 1.40–3.71). HIV exposure was not associated with weight-related growth outcomes. Conclusions: HEU children in Ethiopia had inferior linear growth compared with HU children, implying that intrauterine HIV exposure impacts early childhood growth in this setting
Updating the global occurrence of Culicoides imicola, a vector for emerging viral diseases
No full textDiabetes, Celiac, and Thyroid-Related Autoantibodies in HLA Genotyped Ethiopian Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes : A Cross-Sectional Study
No full textBackground: Autoantibodies against β-cell components in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are characteristic of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The genetic and autoimmune determinants of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Ethiopians are not yet thoroughly characterized, with studies indicating a lower occurrence of autoantibodies related to T1D compared to Caucasians. The study aimed to determine the occurrence of autoantibodies related to type 1 diabetes (T1D), celiac disease (CD), and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in conjunction with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genotype in Ethiopian children and adolescents with T1D. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 206 children and adolescents with T1D (ranging from 1 to 18 years old) with a median disease duration of 6 years, alongside 200 age-matched control children (ranging from 1 to 6 years old). Participants were recruited from Adama, Asella, and Bishoftu Hospitals in Ethiopia. The study involved genotyping of HLA alleles, specifically HLA-DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 ∗04 (including DR4 subtypes). Additionally, autoantibodies targeting glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma-associated protein (IA-2A), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A), tissue transglutaminase (tTGA), and thyroid peroxidase (TPOA) were analyzed using antibody detection by agglutination PCR (ADAP) assays. Results: The most common haplotype found in participants with T1D was HLA-(DR3)-DQA1 ∗05-DQB1 ∗02 haplotype (36.4%) (OR = 5.0; p < 0.000001). In addition, HLA-DRB1 ∗0405-DQA1 ∗03-DQB1 ∗02 (19.3%, OR = 10.8; p < 0.000001), HLA-DRB1 ∗0405-DQA1 ∗03-DQB1 ∗0302 (9.2%, OR = 3.1; p = 0.001), and HLA-DRB1 ∗0401-DQA1 ∗03-DQB1 ∗0302 (3.2%, OR = 20.0; p = 0.002) were significantly increased among T1D patients. Conversely, HLA-(DR15)-DQB1 ∗0602, HLA-(DR13)-DQB1 ∗0603, HLA-(DR1/10)-DQB1 ∗0501, HLA-(DR13)-DQB1 ∗0604, HLA-DRB1 ∗0404-DQA1 ∗03-DQB1 ∗04, HLA-(DR7)-DQA1 ∗0201-DQB1 ∗02, HLA-(DR11/12/13)-DQA1 ∗05-DQB1 ∗0301, and HLA-DRB1 ∗0403-DQA1 ∗03-DQB1 ∗0302 were noted as the most protective haplotypes with a significant p value and, with ORs ranging from 0.05 to 0.5. The overall frequency of any islet autoantibodies in children and adolescents with T1D was 81.1% compared to 5.5% in the control group (p < 0.0001). While comparing antibody positivity between individuals with T1D and controls, GADA was found in 69% versus 2%, IA-2A in 24% versus 1.5%, ZnT8A in 32% versus 2%, tTGA in 14% versus 2%, and TPOA in 17% versus 5%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Individuals carrying DR4-DQ8 or DR3-DQ2 haplotypes exhibited a higher prevalence of IA-2A and tTGA (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The HLA risk profile typical of sub-Saharan African population was observed in Ethiopians with T1D. Furthermore, they have a notably high prevalence of autoantibodies associated with T1D, CD, and AITD, which differs from earlier reports from the region but aligns with patterns observed in Caucasians
Table_1_Complementary Feeding Habits in Children Under the Age of 2 Years Living in the City of Adama in the Oromia Region in Central Ethiopia: Traditional Ethiopian Food Study.DOCX
No full textUpdated information on child feeding practices, nutritional status, and trends related to parental sociodemographic variables is required in developing countries. The objective of this study was to describe infant feeding practices and associated sociodemographic factors among Ethiopian children with an emphasis on complementary feeding (CF). Information on infant feeding and anthropometric measures was obtained from 1,054 mother-child pairs participating in a birth cohort study of children born between 2017 and 2020 prospectively followed in the city of Adama located in the Oromia region of central Ethiopia. Logistic regression models were used to identify sociodemographic and food groups associated with the initiation of CF. The introduction of complementary foods at 6 months of age was 84.7% (95% CI, 82.5, 86.8). Vegetables, cereals (teff, wheat, barley), and fruits were most often the earliest types of foods introduced. Wasting, stunting, underweight, and low body mass index (BMI) by age were found in 6.0, 16.9, 2.5, and 6.3%, respectively. Maternal age and occupation were the factors associated with timely initiation of CF [OR = 2.25, (95% CI, 1.14, 4.41)] and [OR = 0.68, (95% CI, 0.48, 0.97)], respectively. This study demonstrates that the majority of Ethiopian children in the Oromia region follow the recommendations of WHO on CF.</p
