42 research outputs found
Efficacy of application of vaccine AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 on Mojosari ducks challenge against AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 in laboratory conditions
No full textInfluenza virus HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 outbreaks since September 2012 caused high mortality in ducks. Vaccination is one of strategies recommended by government. However, AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 vaccine not yet available during this research, while AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 vaccines available in markets. Therefore it was important to do study on efficay of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.1.3. vaccines on duck at laboratory scale. Three groups of Mojosari duck were used in this study, they were 1 group vaccinated with A Vaccine, 1 group vaccinated with B Vaccine, and 1 group as control (not vaccinated). Vacination groups consisted of 9 DOD and control group was consisted of 6 DOD. Vaccination was conducted when the duck at three weeks old of age using single dose recommended by producer. At three weeks later (ducks at 6 weeks old of age) all Groups of ducks were challenged with virus HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 at dose 106 EID50/ml by drops intranasaly. Result showed that Group 1 (vaccinated with A Vaccine) produced 67% protection (3 out of 9 ducks died), Group 2 (vaccinated with B Vaccine) produced 100% protection (non out of 9 ducks died), and Group 3 (control, not vaccinated) produce 0% protection (all of 9 ducks died). This study give an alternative of choise to use AI H5N1 Clade 2.1.3 vaccine with high protection when AI H5N1 Clade 2.3.2 vaccine not available in markets to controll high mortality in ducks caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 outbreaks. Key Words: Duck, HPAI, AI, Avian Influenza, Vaccin
Protection of avian influenza (AI) vaccines for poultry against infection of field isolates A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008 under laboratory condition
No full textThe aim of this research was to study level of protection of avian influenza (AI) commercial vaccines available in Indonesia (subtipe H5N1, H5N2 and H5N9) against infection of HPAI field isolates of A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008. There were 7 commercial vaccines used in this study, the each vaccines were injected in to 3 weeks old of layer chichickenen intramuscularly. At 3 weeks after vaccination, ten chichickenens from each group were challenged separately with the A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008 isolates intranasaly with dose 106 ELD50 per 0,1 ml per chicken. Ten unvaccinated chicken were included in the challenge test as control. The study demonstrate that the AI vaccines with subtipe H5N1 protected chicken (100%) against virus of A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and 90-100% against virus A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008. Viral shedding were not seen by 2 days post challenge. The AI vaccines with subtipe H5N2 protected chicken at 20-30% against virus of A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and protected chicken at 70-100% against virus of A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008. Viral shedding still detected at 8 days post challenge. The AI vaccines AI with subtipe H5N9 did not protect chicken (0%) against virus A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 and protected chicken at 50% against virus A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008. Viral shedding still detected by 8 days post challenge. This study concluded that AI vaccines with subtipe H5N1 are better than other AI subtipe vaccines in preventing HPAI virus A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Pat/2006 dan A/Chicken/West Java/Smi-Mae/2008 infections under laboratory condition. Key Words: Avian Influenza, Vaccine, Poultry, Chicke
Indonesian avian influenza viruses character in second wave epidemic
No full textSecond wave of epidemic avian influenza occurred from December 2004 until April 2005. In March 2005, the disease had infected some districts in South Sulawesi such as Wajo and Sopeng. More than 21 field isolates have been collected and identified as avian influenza virus subtype H5N1. In this study further characterized was undertaken for 14 isolates of avian influenza using Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing in region of HA1 gene. It was then followed by genetic analysis to identify the mutation and phylogenetic relationship of the isolates. The study indicates that the Indonesia isolates collected in second wave epidemic are generally having a different group to the isolates group in 2003 and 2004. There is point mutation in the nucleotide sequence of the isolate collected at August 2004-March 2005, that is the replacement of adenine by guanine in the position of 195. Key Words: Avian Influenza Virus, Second Epidemic Wave, Mutatio
Monitoring of avian influenza cases based on the detection of viral antigen subtype H5N1 by immunohistochemical technique
No full textMonitoring on the cases of Avian Influenza virus was conducted by detecting viral antigen subtype H5N1 usingimmunohistochemical technique. A total of 212 sampels of various avian tissues were collected from the Provinces of East Java(Districts of Madiun, Tulung Agung, Blitar and Kediri), West Java (Districts of Bogor, Bekasi, Cianjur and Sukabumi), Banten(Districts of Pandeglang and Tangerang) and DKI Jakarta. The sampels were collected four times i.e. June 2004, September2004, October 2004 and between January and February 2005. All sampels were stained using immunohistochemical technique.The antigen could be visualized clearly both in the intra-nuclear and intra-cytoplasmic areas of brain, comb, wattle, trachea,lung, heart, breast and thigh muscle, proventriculus, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine and ovary. A number of 39 of 212 cases(18.4%) have been catagorized as positives. The results show that monitoring of HPAI cases conducted in June and September2004 in the Provinces of West Java, Banten and East Java, none of the sampels were positive. However, monitoring of thedisease in September 2004 in the Province of Jakarta showed that AI virus antigen were detected in various organs of chickenfrom Jakarta. Furthermore, monitoring of the disease conducted between October 2004 and February 2005 revealed that AI virusantigen were also detected in chicken not only from Jakarta Provinces but also from Provinces of Banten and West Java. Basedon these results, it is concluded that between June and September 2004, HPAI infection were not found in areas where previousoutbreaks occured in the Provinces of Banten, West Java and East Java. However, the disease was spread in Jakarta Province inSeptember 2004 and subsequently to some districts in the Provinces of Banten and West Java. A part from this, anticipation ofdisease spread to currently AI-free areas should be considered as part of disease monitoring system.Key Words: Avian Influenza, H5N1, Monitoring, Immunohistochemistry, Poultr
Molecular characterization of Indonesia avian influenza virus
No full textAvian influenza outbreaks in poultry have been reported in Java island since August 2003. A total of 14 isolates of avian influenza virus has been isolated from October 2003 to October 2004. The viruses have been identified as HPAI H5N1 subtype. All of them were characterized further at genetic level and also for their pathogenicity. Phylogenetic analysis showed all of the avian influenza virus isolates were closely related to avian influenza virus from China (A/Duck/China/E319-2/03(H5N1). Molecular basis of pathogenicity in HA cleavage site indicated that the isolates of avian influenza virus have multiple basic amino acid (B-X-B-R) indicating that all of the isolates representing virulent avian influenza virus (highly pathogenic avian influenza virus). Key Words: Avian Influenza Virus, Molecular Characterization, Poultry, Indonesi
Development inactivated vaccine prototype of avian influenza (AI) H5N1 local isolate and its application at laboratory level
No full textA preliminary study related on vaccine safety and vaccination effectivity for controlling avian influenza (AI) subtype H5N1 was carried out at Virology Laboratorium, Indonesian Veteriner Institute, Bogor. A Prototype of inactivated vaccine was made using AI H5N1 local isolate (A/Chicken/West Java/67-2/2003). The vaccine was then tested for safety and protection in DOC of layers. Antibody response, protection and shedding virus challenge were observed in the experiment. Result showed that the vaccine was saved and protected against virulent viral challenge. Efective vaccination was achieved at 3 weeks chicken old started with low level of antibody. Antibody titre increased gradually and reached the top at 8 weeks post vaccination. Challenge test using AI virulent at the age of 4 and 8 weeks post vaccination showed that the vaccine gave high protection (90%). Viral shedding was not longer expressed than 7 days after challenge. It is concluded that this prototype is a satisfied AI vaccine in laboratory level. Key Words: Vaccine, Avian Influenza, H5N1, HPA
Densified Open Space
No full textCities are densifying instead of spreading out more. The Zuidas in Amsterdam is an example of this as 100m towers rise around the train station. The public space in these area's and specifically in the Zuidas is left over space which is not often used. Add to it that the main functions in the new high density area are offices resulting in a non-existant public life in the area. Project for Public Spaces (Jan Gehl), Rudy Uytenhaak and others have looked into the effects of density on livability and liveliness and conclude that the more dense a development gets, the more important it's public space and visual openness becomes. Their strategies on designing public space and residential quality are indorporated in this mixed use designDwellingArchitectureArchitectur
Robustness Analysis and Capacity Management of the KPN (PS) Mobile Core Network
No full textThis thesis has two main topics. On the one hand it discusses how the robustness of a network can be increased as efficient as possible, where connectivity is treated as a robustness measure. On the other hand It treats capacity management of a network when it is still in its design phase. In particular, it shows how bandwidth management can be done on the network edges, while it also gives an implication to prioritize the vertices based on their relative importance. One of KPN's mobile core networks is treated as a case study.Network Architectures and ServicesTelecommunicationsElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Design, manufacturing and characterisation of a water fed CubeSat micro-resistojet (Dondersteen)
No full textTo further the applicability of nano-satellites in large scale relevant missions, it is necessary that they have their own propulsion system for manoeuvring. Multiple nanosatellites flying in formation or even a constellation, with a distributed network of instruments can obtain simultaneous, distributed and guided measurements, which are not possible with conventional single-spacecraft architectures. A cubesat propulsion system technology demonstration has been shown on the Delffi-N3Xt satellite. Demonstrating cold gas generators, which generate self-pressurising nitrogen propellant from solid material. Now comes the time for an operational demonstration of powerful, innovative and effective propulsion for adequate manoeuvrability potential. This operational demonstration will be undertaken by the DelFFi mission, by having two nano-satellites demonstrating formation flying capabilities, such as inter-satellite distance maintenance. The DelFFi satellites will operate in a network of 50 nano-satellites, called the QB50 mission, with the goal to take multi-point in-situ measurements of the lower thermosphere and research re-entry. The gas generator based cold gas system have however been shown to be unable to produce the necessary total impulse within the stringent mass and volume constraints. The formation flying objective requires a new high performance propulsion system, which is designed during this master thesis. In order to design this propulsion system a number of tests were conducted on the candidate components and assemblies. After a survey of all commonly mentioned reaction engines, a resistojet was found to best meet the needs of this mission. Mainly because resistojets are relatively uncomplicated, do not require combustion and have a relatively low power consumption per amount of impulse generated. The best propellant for resistojets, selected from a large number of possibilities, was found to be water. Water was chosen because it is liquid around room temperature, It has a high potential impulse bit per unit of mass, it is benign, cheap and readily available. Based on the requirements on the propulsion system the following necessary design parameters were found: a water propellant mass of 50 [g], a nitrogen pressurant mass of 0.2 [g], a storage pressure of 4.5 [bar] to 2.5 [bar], a nozzle throat diameter of 25 [?m], a nozzle area ratio of 20 [-] and a final propellant heating temperature of 500 [°C]. The resulting propulsion system performance is: a total velocity increase ?V of 21.01 [m/s] (with a satellite mass of 3 [kg]), a total thrusting time of 17 [h] and 56 [min], a power consumption of 6.8 [W] to 3.7 [W] and a thrust force of 1.4 [mN] to 0.8 [mN]. A resistojet propulsion system requires pressure to transport the propellant from the storage tank to and through the thruster. Because pre-pressurisation is generally not allowed in CubeSats, gas generators were found to be the best option. These gas generators can be electrically initialised in orbit, where they produce gas from a solid. Gas generators used for airbag initiation in the automotive industry were found to be unsuitable for this mission because of the high shock pressure of possibly up to 95 [bar]. Additionally, three out of four gas generators that were tested malfunctioned. The reason for this malfunctioning is still unknown. For the DelFFi mission a waiver was granted, allowing pressurisation before launch. Therefore pre-pressurisation is considered to be the best option for propellant pressurisation. The most innovative part of this thesis is the development of the MEMS micro-thrusters called Dondersteen. These consist of an integrated fluidic inlet channel, heating chamber and rocket nozzle, which are all etched in silicon. The propellant is heated using heating elements made out of the very strong material silicon carbide. These elements are suspended in the middle of the fluid flow in order to maximise the heat transfer to the propellant, and minimise the heat loss to the surroundings. The novelty not only lies in the geometry, but also in the manufacturing process. Hereby the fluidic channels and suspended heating element are both etched out of the silicon carbide covered silicon wafer in the same two etching steps. The developed thruster consists of the following three distinct sections: inlet, heating chamber and nozzle. Multiple designs were made for each of these sections. The production process was chosen such that any combination of these sections can be etched behind one another. This creates the flexibility of being able to produce and test multiple thruster layouts, in order to find the one which best fits the requirements. Different heating chamber geometries were designed and tested. These enable the assessment of the geometrical influence on heat loss, pressure drop and propellant heating capabilities. Both the manufacturing process and the resulting heating chambers show great potential. The heating elements have been shown to be robust during the rough testing process. The propellant channels have very favourable rounded edges which reduce pressure and heat losses, while maximising the heating contact and propellant mixing. Due to the experimental nature of the manufacturing process the fluidic channel dept was found to be too large and the nozzle throat diameters were too large. The performed analysis of these discrepancies will be used to improve the manufacturing process. The tested resistance values of the resistive heater modules were found to be 200 to 600 times larger than designed. This increases the required input voltage from 5 [V] to the range from 70 [V] to 120 [V]. For the current testing phase this is not a problem since these supplies are available. The flight models will however have to be redesigned in order to comply with the 5 [V] requirement of the satellite power supply. The main reason of this discrepancy was found to be a calculation error. Some adjustments have already been listed with which this resistance can be decreased by a factor of 144. Further design efforts will have to increase this factor to obtain the real design value of the resistance. There are some tasks that still have to be performed by a succeeding master student to consolidate the work done in this master thesis to a propulsion system flight model. The developed thrusters have to be performance tested with propellant in multiple operating conditions. The results of these tests lead the final redesign of the developed thrusters. The propellant storage system needs to be built and tested. Finally the complete in flight propulsion systems has to be defined, built and integrated into the satellites.Space Systems EngineeringSpace EngineeringAerospace Engineerin
Image-based Video Search Engine: Data Compression and Nearest Neighbour Search
No full textOne of the main problems with Instance-level Image Retrieval in video data is that for longer query videos or large amount of image queries, comparing all of the query images to every extracted frame is time-inefficient. This thesis aims to solve this problem by implementing Nearest Neighbour Search (NNS) algorithms and data compression methods, significantly reducing total comparison time. In most NNS use cases, the reference data is provided before reaching the user, allowing methods such as ANNOY or HNSW to partition the data beforehand. However, little research has been done into partitioning the data during run-time. In this thesis, the use of Nearest Neighbor Search and Data Compression methods are discussed for the purposes of matching a query image to a query video, both of which are provided at run-time. The result is an implementation of several state-of-the-art NNS and data compression methods in a system which, based on the amount of query images and the amount of extracted keyframes, selects the optimal comparison method to be used, as well as its optimal parameters if applicable.Bachelor graduation project Electrical EngineeringElectrical Engineerin
