9 research outputs found
Coping Strategies Associated with Art Adherence Among Older Adults Living with HIV, South Carolina
No full textPeople living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) are living longer due to improvements in HIV care including antiretroviral therapy (ART). Even though ART improves HIV prognosis and life expectancy, its adherence is hindered by many factors. As the population of older adults living with HIV (OALH) continues to increase, it is important to understand the psychosocial factors that are associated with living with HIV to improve ART adherence. The aim of this study was to determine the association between coping strategies and ART adherence. Data were obtained from 91 OALH at an immunology clinic in Columbia, South Carolina via purposive sampling. The participants were at least 50 years or older and living with HIV. Coping was assessed using the Brief COPE Inventory. Crude and adjusted linear regression models, controlling for age, race, gender, and were used to determine the association between coping strategies and ART adherence. Subgroup analyses were done to determine if the association between coping and ART adherence varied by gender. The analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4. The mean difference in ART adherence was statistically significant for race (p = 0.0292). There was a statistically significant association between religion and ART adherence (β = −0.718, p = 0.024). Males who use venting as a coping mechanism had higher ART adherence (β = 1.227, p = 0.048), and males who use behavioral disengagement had lower ART adherence (β = -1.624, p = 0.003) after adjusting for age and race. OALH who use religion as a coping strategy were less likely to adhere to ART treatment. Venting and behavioral disengagement tend to be associated with ART adherence among men. Qualitative research is needed to delve deeper into the relationship between religious coping and ART adherence, especially among OALH
Coping Strategies Among Older Adults Living with HIV/AIDS with History of Childhood Sexual Abuse
No full textBackground: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may be a risk factor for poor mental health in adulthood. Survivors may experience emotions detrimental to their social and mental wellbeing. Some of these emotions may include anger, fear, rage, helplessness, guilt, shame, which may impact their coping strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the association between CSA and coping among older adults living with HIV (OALH). Method: Data were obtained from 91 OALH via convenience sampling. The participants were recruited from an immunology clinic and were at least 50 years or older and living with HIV. CSA was operationalized using questions from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Coping was assessed using the Brief COPE Inventory. Crude and adjusted linear regression models, controlling for age, sex, race, gender, and income were used to determine the association between CSA and each coping subscale. The analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4. Results: Crude analyses showed statistically significant associations between CSA and specific coping strategies: humor (β = 1.244; p = 0.0018), religion (β = 1.122; p = 0.0291), Self-blame (β = 1.103; p = 0.0154), planning β = 1.197; p = 0.0196), venting (β = 1.218; p = 0.0063), substance use (β = 0.828; p = 0.0335) and instrumental support (β = 0.949; p = 0.0416) After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, there was a statistically significant association between CSA and humor (β = 1.321; p = 0.0048) and self-blame (β = 1.046; p = 0.0382). Conclusion: OALH with a history of CSA were more likely to use humor and self-blame as coping strategies. Trauma-informed interventions should be geared towards decreasing self-blame for OALH who are CSA survivors
Survey report 1990/91 Australian Antarctic Division Author - N. Ward / AUSLIG
No full textProgress Code: completedStatement:
The values provided in spatial coverage are approximate only.
See the report for more information.Taken from sections of the report:<br/><br/>Introduction<br/><br/>In broad terms the Surveying Program aimed to verify new or existing mapping or lead to better quality mapping through higher quality and more extensive survey control in the Prince Charles Mountains. The various tasks will be dealt with in the following paragraphs in terms of the techniques used and results achieved. I have also included some comments regarding the performance of equipment and clothing in the Antarctic.<br/><br/>Time Frame<br/><br/>The NPCM summer field party departed Hobart at 5 Pm on Friday the 21st. of November 1990 aboard the Aurora Australis. The fast ice edge, some 50kn off Mawson (It is assumed that this measurement is incorrect, as "kn" likely means "km", but the distance of 50 is excessive - AADC data officer), was made by approximately 6am on Thursday the 7th of December 1990. Due to bad weather and logistic considerations it was not until Friday the 21st of December that I departed Mawson for the NPCMs. I returned to Mawson on the 25th of January 1991 and did not depart until the 13th of February 1991. The Ice Bird docked in Hobart on the 24th of February 1991
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Subjective Cognitive Decline in the US
No full textObjective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD) among a representative sample of the adult US population. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 82,688, ≥45 years). Adverse childhood experiences included sexual, physical/psychological and environmental ACEs, and a score. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between ACEs and SCD, and SCD-related outcomes. Results: Sexual (adjusted OR (aOR: 2.83; 95% CI: 2.42–3.31)), physical/psychological (aOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.83–2.29), and environmental (aOR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.74–2.16) ACEs were associated with SCD in the past year. There was also a dose-response relationship between ACE score and SCD. Conclusion: ACEs were associated with SCD. Interventions to maximize cognitive health in aging and prevent future cognitive impairment should consider the potential role of ACEs among affected populations
The evolving reputation of Richard Hooker : an examination of responses to the Ecclesiastical Polity, 1640-1714.
No full textSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN033104 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Protein and energy nutrition of marine gadoids, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.)
No full text Primary goals of this thesis were to: 1) examine the in vivo digestion of macronutrients from conventional or alternative feed ingredients used in practical diets of juvenile gadoids (Atlantic cod and haddock), 2) document growth potential of fish at the juvenile grower phase given varying levels of dietary protein and energy and 3) assess the potential of in vitro pH-Stat methods for rapid screening protein quality of feed ingredients, specifically for gadoids. All primary research questions were linked to and built upon one another with the goal of gaining a better understanding of protein and energy utilization of juvenile grower phase gadoids. Studies showed that cod and haddock have a high capacity to utilize a wide range of dietary feed ingredients, such as fish meals, zooplankton meal, soybean products (meal, concentrate and isolate) and wheat gluten meal. New dietary formulations for gadoids may also utilize pulse meals, corn gluten meal, canola protein concentrate and crab meal. Digestibility data in this thesis is currently the only research that examined both in vivo and in vitro macronutrient digestibility of a large number and wide range of individual ingredients, specifically for gadoids. This is essential to gain new knowledge on protein and energy utilization as well as for least-cost ration formulations and effective substitution of ingredients into new formulations. Data has demonstrated a dietary digestible protein/digestible energy (DP/DE)ratio of 30 g DP/MJ DE is required for gadoids during the juvenile phase (in vitro closed-system pH-Stat assay for rapid screening protein quality of test ingredients that is ‘species-specific’ to gadoids. It is demonstrated that in vitro results generally reflected results obtained through conventional in vivo protein digestibility methods. Studies resulted in the first generation of a ‘gadoid-specific’ proteolytic enzyme extraction method and in vitro closed-system pH-Stat assay which may be useful to investigate protein digestion, absorption and metabolism of gadoids and further development of their feeds. </p
Epidemiological study to support the establishment of a progressive zoning approach for the control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Myanmar
No full textFoot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease which has a significant impact on the economy and livestock productivity of affected countries. The research reported in this thesis involved investigation of the epidemiology of FMD in a potentially free (Tanintharyi) and an endemic (Sagaing) region of Myanmar. The animal level sero-prevalence in the Sagaing was high (42%, 95% CI 37.7 - 47.1) in contrast to that in Tanintharyi Division (11.7%, 5.9 - 17.4). Possible source of FMD in those locations may be due to communal grazing, using only underground water sources, purchasing cattle in March annually as a logestic regression model. In contrast, FMD was negative associated with trading of cattle within the same village where the farmers possessed less than only 10 cattle.
During this study, the traditional Dutaik meeting approach which is conducted in rural area of Myanmar ,was developed as a participatory disease tool and was validated with data collected from serological surveys and questionnaire interviews. It was concluded that the MTD meeting approach is a suitable technique to use for detecting FMD with the significant advantages of time and cost effectiveness. It is proposed that the MTD meeting approach is suitable for use in progressive zoning for the control of FMD in Myanmar and can be used to actively involve farmers in the control program and to increase their awareness of the impact of FMD.
In this study, a partial budgeting model with Monte Carlo simulation was developed to understand the influence of FMD on the economics of animal draught power, which is the major livestock input into the nation's agricultural enterprise. The model revealed losses to farmers were very high if outbreaks occurred every year. The findings of this study are useful for convincing farmers of the potential losses from FMD and the financial benefit in controlling the disease.
The movements of livestock in the Sagaing Division and in the Tanintharyi Division were different, with movements in the Sagaing being more complex. These movement data support the decision to develop a potential free zone area for FMD without vaccination in the Tanintharyi Division (Myanmar MTM area). Positive results from a sero-surveillance study conducted in 2005 in the Tanintharyi Division were most likely false positive results. This was supported by findings from the MTD meetings where no evidence of clinical disease was reported by farmers in contrast to areas where the disease was endemic.
It is concluded that the use of a zoning approach with vaccination in the endemic area of the Sagaing Division is an appropriate option for the control of FMD. At this stage it is not feasible to undertake control and eradication of FMD in the whole country. The complex animal movement patterns and the endemic nature of the disease pose real challenges for its control. However, in Myanmar the MTD meeting approach is a cost-effective option for surveillance to improve the FMD status early in an eradication campaign
ADHD IN ADULTS: COMORBODITY WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
No full textADHD is characterized by a continuous history of hyperactivity, forgetfulness, distractibility, impulsiveness and/or inattention, starting from the early childhood and at a more severe extent than whatever may be usual in peers. Originally described in pediatric populations, it is widely recognized in adults. While the disorder in children is mostly described as a disorder involving hyperactivity and impulsiveness, in adulthood ADHD inattention prevails on externalizing features, with a higher rate of psychiatric comorbidities, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (BD), anxiety disorders and substance abuse (SUD).
Co-morbidity among ADHD, SUD and BD has been reported in many clinical and epidemiological studies. For this purpose we evaluated the prevalence of symptoms belonging to the ADHD spectrum in two samples of adult patients affected by SUD and by BD.
We found that one fifth of our sample of bipolar adults has a current diagnosis of ADHD, and that these patients are characterized by a greater number and more severe depressive episodes, resulting in a marked interference in global adaptation, when compared with ADHD subjects without bipolar. To complicate the clinical picture in BD + ADHD group, they are often associated with the Substance Use Disorder and the Impulse Control Disorder. Dual Diagnosis (BD+SUD) patient out of 4 reported childhood history of ADHD and more than 1 patient out of 2 presented corresponding symptoms at the time of observation. Our data are consistent with the observation that SUD in ADHD patients features an earlier onset, a longer duration and a faster progression towards substance polyabuse. In addition, the risk for developing a SUD is increased by the comorbidity of ADHD and BD. Our study confirms the observation that the relationship between adult ADHD and Substance Use Disorder is conveyed by the association with conduct disorders and antisocial personality disorder. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that this relationship may also be facilitated by the presence of Bipolar Disorder. In conclusion, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Conduct Disorder and Substance Use Disorder may share a common diathesis conveyed by hyperactivity-impulsivity. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm our observations and to evaluate the influence of ADHD symptoms on course and treatment response
Bezzia Kieffer
No full textBezzia Kieffer (Figs. 12F, 13I, 17D, 22C–D, 28D, 31E, 33J, 41A, 46H–K, 53D, 69C, 77E–H) DIAGNOSIS: Only pupa of Ceratopogonidae with the metathorax with only one campaniform sensillum (M-3-T) situated at least ⅓ the length of the metathorax from its anterior margin (Fig. 53D), apex of the halter extending posteriorly to about 1/6 length of tergite 2 (as in Fig. 33L), abdominal segment 4 with V-5-IV, V-6-IV and V-7-IV closely approximated (as in Fig. 70C) or, if V-7-IV is closer to L-4-IV then L-3-IV is closer to L-2-IV than to an elongate L-1-IV (Fig. 69C) (not as in Fig. 70B), abdominal segment 8 has V-5-VIII and V-6-VIII on separate tubercles or if on partially to completely fused tubercles, then V-5-VIII well-developed (not minute), and abdominal segment 8 is without L-1-VIII (not diagnosable as different from Palpomyia and Phaenobezzia); however, most species of Bezzia have two or more campaniform sensilla on the dorsal apotome (Figs. 22C–D), a nearly unique condition found only in two species of Palpomyia, one of which, P. jonesi, distinctively has two setae and two campaniform sensilla (Fig. 22J). DESCRIPTION: Habitus as in Fig. 12F. Total length = 2.00– 6.16 mm. Without larval exuviae retained on abdomen. Exuviae with flagellum appressed against lateral margin of midleg, wing (Figs. 17D, 33J). Ecdysial tear around base of antenna, along lateral margin of face to palpus (as in Figs. 17C, 79H) or with eye appressed to antenna (Figs. 17D). Head: Dorsal apotome (Figs. 22C–D), with partial ventral line of weakness, without dorsomedial tubercle, without central dome; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite (Fig. 13I) fused to scutum, each side separated medially by dorsal apotome in whole pupa; mouthparts (Fig. 28D) with mandible well-developed, lacinia absent; palpus extending posterior to posterolateral margin of labium; labium entire or separated medially by labrum, hypopharynx; apex of antenna (Fig. 41A) anterior to posterior to, posterior extent of midlength portion of midleg (portion lateral to mesosternum), narrowed posteriorly; sensilla: dorsal apotomals (Figs. 22C–D)—1 moderate to elongate seta, 1–3 campaniform sensilla; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite sensilla—1 seta, 0–1 campaniform sensillum; clypeal-labrals (Fig. 28D)—1 slender or 2 slender or thick setae; oculars (Fig. 28D)—1–2 seta, 1 campaniform sensillum. Thorax: Prothoracic extension (Fig. 28D) wide, well-developed, extending from palpus to antenna; mesonotum without tubercles, not extending posteromedially, not dividing metathorax medially (Fig. 53D); respiratory organ (Figs. 46H–K) length/width = 3.73–6.60, moderately elongate to elongate, apical portion swollen in some, somewhat flattened apically, with pores closely abutting at apex of respiratory organ, arranged in single straight to curved row, outer surface with some wrinkles, with short, wide pedicel, base with short to moderately elongate posteromedial apodeme, membranous base of respiratory organ short, annulated, tracheal tube straight to slightly curved along length, with spirals restricted to base, wrinkles to half length or more; wing (Fig. 41A) without apical tubercle or angle, separated medially by fore-, midlegs; halter apex and hind leg (Fig. 33J) broadly abutting; halter apex extending posteriorly to 1/6 length of tergite 2; legs (Fig. 41A) with lateral margin of foreleg near midlength of wing evenly curved; hind leg visible at lateral margin of wing (Fig. 33J); with apex of foreleg moderately anterior to apex of midleg; apex of hind leg abutting apex of midleg laterally or small gap between the two; sensilla: anteromedials—2 elongate setae, 1 campaniform sensillum (as in Figs. 31L–M); anterolaterals—1 moderately long seta; dorsal setae (Fig. 31E)—D-1-T, D-2-T, D-4-T, D-5-T setae, D-3-T campaniform sensillum, D-3-T lateral to D-4-T; supraalar 2—campaniform sensillum; metathoracics (Fig. 53D)—1 campaniform sensillum; M-3-T distant from margin of metathorax (at least 1/3 length of metathorax). Abdomen: pigmentation light brown, with tergite 1 with 3 medial spots, tergites 2–7 with medial area with stripe, 2 anterolateral spots, sternites 3–7 with medial stripe, anterolateral spot (light brown), segment 2 as wide or slightly wider than segment 3, segments with undivided, thin to thick setae, with rounded to pointed, short to moderately elongate tubercles, tergites or sternites entire, each without membranous disc; segment 9 (Figs. 77E–H) not strongly modified, terminal processes closely approximated to separated basally, each projecting posterodorsolaterally, tapering to pointed apex, in some very slender; sensilla: tergite 1 (Fig. 53D) with 8 setae, 2 campaniform sensilla, including 3–4 lateral sensilla, D-2-I, D-3-I closely approximated, D-7-I situated anterolaterally near L-1-I to anteriorly near D-3-I; segment 4 (Fig. 69C)—D-2-IV, D-3-IV short setae on short tubercles; D-5-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV short to moderately elongate setae, D-7-IV present or absent; D-5-IV on single, short tubercle, D-8-IV, D-9-IV on basally fused or separate but closely approximated tubercles, posterior dorsal sensilla in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally: D-5-IV, D-4-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV; D-7-IV, if present, near D-3-IV; L-1-IV short to moderately elongate seta on rounded tubercle, well anterior of posterior lateral setae; L-2- IV, L-3-IV, L-4-IV short to moderately elongate setae on rounded tubercles, L-2-IV, L-3-IV on single tubercle in some, V-5-IV, V-6-IV, V-7-IV short setate on short tubercles, all closely approximated or with V-7-IV closer to L-4- IV; segment 8 without D-3-VIII, without L-1-VIII; with V-5-VIII, V-6-VIII on single tubercle, V-5-VIII tiny, V-6- VIII elongate; segment 9 (Figs. 77E–H)—with D-5-IX, D-6-IX campaniform sensilla. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: The genus Bezzia is known from 319 species from every Region worldwide (Borkent 2014). Immatures have been recorded from a wide array of habitats including rice fields, springs, streams, river margins, wet moss, various phytotelmata, pools, marshes, bogs, fens, algal mats in lentic habitats, lakes, and reservoirs. TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION: The pupae of 51 species of Bezzia are known (Tables 2–3). Goeze (1780) described but did not name a species which is probably a Bezzia, providing the first morphological study describing the chaetotaxy of the larva and pupa (Fig. 6B) of a Ceratopogonidae. It was later named Tipula goezii by Schrank (1803). I have placed it in Bezzia as a new combination as follows but the name is so out of date that it must be considered a nomen nudum. The long slender terminal process and somewhat clavate apex of the respiratory organ (Figs. 46H, 46J) is a distinctive combination of many species of Bezzia. Bezzia goezii (Schrank), 1803: 72 (Tipula). Quedlinburg, Germany. new combination. Some species have been described more than once by the same author (Table 2) but with different names (now synonyms) (e.g. B. circumdata, B. leucogaster, B. nobilis), suggesting either misidentifications or the possibility of more than one species actually present. Thomsen (1937) gave a key to three species known to her at that time but one of these, P. flavitarsis, is now recognized as a Palpomyia. Thomsen (1937) drew the dorsal apotomes of species of Bezzia with more than one seta (per side) but likely misinterpreted the multiple campaniform sensilla as the broken bases of setae. Thienemann (1928) and Mayer (1934a) provided keys to European species groups. Lenz (1934) provided a key to European species but primarily used habitats to distinguish these and, for most, this almost certainly results in inaccurate identifications. Harris (1981) described and keyed the pupae of six unnamed species of Bezzia from Australia. Wirth (1983a, 1983b, 1983c) diagnosed the pupae of some Nearctic and Neotropical Bezzia in the cockerelli, bicolor, and nobilis species groups but did not do so for the remaining species groups of Bezzia. At present, pupae of Bezzia cannot be diagnosed as a genus and therefore providing a key to the species in a given region is superfluous. Unless a diagnosis becomes available all Bezzia should be keyed with species of Palpomyia and Phaenobezzia. Alternately, it would be possible to key all species with more than one campaniform sensillum on the dorsal apotome, which would include nearly all Bezzia and a few Palpomyia, depending on the area being covered. Nearly all Bezzia have more than one campaniform sensillum on the dorsal apotome (see character 6). The only exceptions seen are of B. brevicornis, B. bromeliae and B. dorsasetula, each with one seta and one campaniform sensillum. Bezzia xanthogaster (Kieffer), 1919: 130 (Probezzia) is a junior homonym of Probezzia xanthogaster (Kieffer), 1917: 329 (Bezzia) and is here given the new name Bezzia gilvigaster (a similar specific name also meaning yellow stomach (abdomen for the adult this species). MATERIAL EXAMINED: B. africana: 1 pupal exuviae, Burgershall, Hazyview, Transvaal, South Africa, 3- XII-1973 (NMSA); 1 pupal exuviae, Magaliesberg Agricultural School, Transvaal, South Africa, 13-XI-1973 (NMSA). B. albicornis: 1 pupal exuviae, Kaushut, Tedjen Province, Turkmenistan, 2-IV-1972 (ZIN); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 30-V-1972 (ZIN). B. amana: 1 pupal exuviae (of holotype), Loutpan, Transvaal, South Africa, 10-I-1974 (NMSA). B. annulipes: 2 pupal exuviae, Lunzer Untersee between boat house and canal, Lower Austria, Austria, 6-VI-1942 (ZSMC); 1 pupal exuviae, Germany (ZSMC); 3 pupal exuviae, Germany (ZSMC); 12 pupal exuviae, Anninskoe lake, Pskov Province, Russia, 24-VI-1995 (ZIN). B. biannulata: 1 pupal exuviae (of paratype), 1 pupal exuviae (of allotype), Oceano Beach, San Luis Obispo County, California, USA, 20- VIII-1948 (USNM). B. bicolor: 6 pupal exuviae, Gievenbeck, Germany, 9-V-1912 (ZSMC); 4 pupal exuviae, Lunz, Austria (USNM); 4 pupal exuviae, Shushary, Leningrad Province, Russia, 29-V-1997 (ZIN); 2 pupal exuviae, Strelna, Leningrad Province, Russia, 12-V-2002 (ZIN). B. bivittata: 3 pupal exuviae, Salisbury, Wicomico County, Maryland, USA, 4-V-1981 (WLGC); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 13-IV-1981 (WLGC). B. blantoni: 2 pupal exuviae (of paratype), Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 10-I-1982 (MPLA). B. brevicornis: 1 pupal exuviae, Magdalena, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 24-XII-1981 (MPLA). B. bromeliae: 2 pupal exuviae (of paratype), Bayano Field Station, Panama Province, Panama, VI-1976 (MPLA). B. circumdata: 3 pupal exuviae, Black Lake, Stanleyville, Ontario, Canada, 24-VI-1975 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 25-VI-1975 (USNM); 4 pupal exuviae, Rotmoos on Mittersee, Lower Austria, Austria, 10-VI-1942 (ZSMC); 1 pupa, 5 pupal exuviae, Grosser Plöner See, Slesvig-Holstein, Germany, summer 1952 (ZSMC); 2 pupa, 5 pupal exuviae, kerosene port on Dortmund-Ems canal, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 28-VII-1908 (ZSMC); 1 pupa, 3 pupal exuviae, Germany (ZSMC); 4 pupal exuviae, Vyborg, Leningrad Province, Russia, 27-VII-1998 (ZIN). B. cockerelli: 1 pupal exuviae, Valdez, Alaska, USA, 1948 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Bainville, Roosevelt County, Montana, USA, 9-VI-1969 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Trails Pond, Latah County, Idaho, USA, 22-VII-1969 (USNM); 5 pupal exuviae, 4 mi N of Upham, McHenry County, North Dakota, USA, 5-VI-1969 (4 USNM, 1 VPIC). B. collessi: 1 pupal exuviae (of paratype), Singapore, 10-IX-1952 (USNM); 3 pupal exuviae (of paratypes), as previous locality, 28-VIII-1952 (USNM). B. dorsasetula: 2 pupal exuviae, College Park, Prince George’s County, Maryland, USA, 30-V-1975 (USNM), 1 pupal exuviae, no locality, 6-V-1977 (VPIC). B. fascispinosa: 1 pupal exuviae, Lakeland Pond, College Park, Prince George’s County, Maryland, USA, 30-V-1975 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Beaver Lake Reservoir, Pocahontas State Park, Chesterfield County, Virginia, USA, 30-IV-1977 (VPIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Iron Spring, Elliot Know, Augusta County, Virginia, USA, 22-17-1977 (VPIC). B. flavicornis: 1 pupal exuviae, Priluki, Belarus, 17-V-1967 (ZIN). B. flavicorporis: 1 pupal exuviae, Loutpan, Transvaal, South Africa, 10-I-1974 (NMSA). B. gibbera: 1 pupal exuviae, Dismal Swamp, Camden County, North Carolina, USA, 25-III-1976 (VPIC). B. glabra: 2 pupal exuviae, Morgan Arboretum, St. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, 1964 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, 1 mi. S of Corapeake, Dismal Swamp, Camden County, North Carolina, USA, 29-VII-1976 (VPIC); 2 pupal exuviae, Keowee Reserve, Seneca, Oconee County, South Colorado, USA, 2-V-1975 (VPIC). B. japonica: 1 pupal exuviae, Suputinka river, Ussuri Nature Reserve, Primorskii Territory, Russia, 30-V-1973 (ZIN). B. kuhetiensis: 1 pupal exuviae, Issyk-Kul lake, Kyrgyzstan, 16-VI-1971 (ZIN). B. laciniastyla: 1 pupal exuviae, Jackson River, approx. 10 mi. upriver from Covington, Natural Well, Allegheny County, Virginia, USA, 4-VI-1977 (VPIC). B. leucogaster: 4 pupal exuviae, shore of Lottsee SE of Mölln, Slesvig-Holstein, Germany, 16-V-1926 (ZSMC), 2 pupal exuviae, shore of Kirchsee, Preetz (between Kiel and Plön), Slesvig-Holstein, Germany, 11-VII1918 (ZSMC); 1 pupal exuviae, Severskii Donets River, Donetsk Province, Ukraine, 5-V-1970 (ZIN). B. narynica: 1 pupal exuviae, Issyk-Kul lake, Kyrgyzstan, 24-V-1971 (ZIN). B. nigrita: 1 pupal exuviae, Severskii Donets River, Donetsk Province, Ukraine, 5-V-1970 (ZIN); 1 pupal exuviae, Malinovka, Donetsk Province, Ukraine, 8-V-1970 (ZIN). B. nobilis: 1 pupal exuviae, 7 km S of Hope, BC, Canada, 8–9-VII-1985 (CNCI); 1 pupal exuviae, Beaver Creek, Lawrence County, South Dakota, USA, 15-VI-1969 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Cow Neck Salt Marsh, North Sea, New York, USA, 19-IV-1956 (NYSM); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 17-IV-1956 (NYSM); 4 pupal exuviae, Fishing Creek, Newcomb, New York, USA, 28-V-1958 (NYSM); 1 pupal exuviae, Port Leyden, New York, USA, 4-VII-1959 (USNM); 2 pupal exuviae, Letchworth State Park, New York, USA, 13-VI-1963 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Patuxent Refuge, Maryland, USA, 8-V-1958 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Vepco Property, Louisa County, Virginia, USA, 12-IX-1976 (VPIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Washburn County, Wisconsin, USA, 1-IX-1951 (VPIC); 2 pupal exuviae, Vepco Property, Louisa County, Virginia, USA, 12-IX-1976 (VPIC); 2 pupal exuviae, Great Swamp, Isle of Wight County, Virginia, USA, 2-VIII- 1976 (VPIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Cranberry Glade, Pocahontas County, Virginia, USA, 8-IX-1976 (VPIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Norfolk Gardens, Norfolk County, Virginia, USA, 1-VIII-1976 (VPIC). 1 pupal exuviae, no locality/date (VPIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Pecan Springs, Devils River, Juno, Texas, USA (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 4-III-1947 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Beloe lake, Alol’, Pskov Province, Russia, 27-VI-1969 (ZIN); 1 pupal exuviae, Beloe lake, Alol’, Pskov Province, Russia, 5-VII-1969 (ZIN). B. obelisca: 2 pupal exuviae, Mer Bleue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 27-V-1960 (USNM); 2 pupal exuviae, McLean Reserve, Tompkins County, New York, USA, 18-VI-1963 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, edge of Big Glade, Cranberry Glades Botanical Area, Pocahontas County, Virginia, USA, 6-IX-1976 (VPIC). B. perplexa: 1 pupal exuviae, Millpond Creek, North Anna Resrvoir, Louisa County, Virginia, USA, 1-III-1977 (VPIC). B. pulchripes: 2 pupal exuviae, Mission Rio Cururu Igarape, Brazil, 4-V-1941 (SDEI); 1 pupal exuviae, Mocoreta, Corrientes, Argentina, 21-III-1985 (MPLA). B. roldani: 2 pupal exuviae, no locality, 20-VIII-1979 (MPLA). B. saileri: 1 pupal exuviae (of paratype), Fire Lake, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 29-V-1948 (USNM). B. signata: 1 pupal exuviae, Luchevoi, Republic of Karelia, Russia, 14-VI-1966 (ZIN). B. sordida: 1 pupal exuviae, Olerna, Marin County, California, USA, 22-II-1947 (USNM). B. turkmenica: 1 pupal exuviae, Hodzhaz-Kala bay, Kyzyl-Arvat Province, Turkmenistan, 18-IV-1972 (ZIN). B. uncistyla: 2 pupal exuviae, 5 km E of Danby, Vermont, USA, 25-VI-1986 (CNCI); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 25–26-VI-1986 (CNCI). B. varicolor: 1 pupal exuviae, Rideau River, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 29-V-1960 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Lake Temescal, Berkeley, California, USA, 1-V-1948 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Lake Tomahawk at Kemp Biological Station, Oneida County, Wisconsin, USA, 20-VII-1978 (USNM); 2 pupal exuviae, Bar Lake, Benzie County, Michigan, USA, 8-VIII-1975 (VPIC); 1 pupal exuviae (of topotype), Mill Creek Brook, Noyack, New York, USA, 6-V-1057 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Slaterville Spr., New York, USA, 12- VI-1964 (VPIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Lakeland Pond, College Park, Prince George’s County, Maryland, USA, 24-IV- 1977 (VPIC). B. nr. bicolor: 1 pupal exuviae, no locality, 30-V-1953 (USNM). B. nr. nobilis: 1 pupal exuviae, Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA, 30-VIII-1975 (VPIC). B. nr. obelisca: 1 pupal exuviae, Mer Bleue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 27-V-1960 (USNM); 2 pupal exuviae, no data (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Mer Bleue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 27-V-1960 (VPIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Big Glade, Cranberry Glade Botanical Area, Pocahontas County, Virginia, USA, 8-IX-1976 (VPIC). B. nr. pruinosa: 1 pupal exuviae, no locality, 12-V-1953 (USNM). B. nr. varicolor: 1 pupal exuviae, W flank of Salt Pond Mountain, Giles County, Virginia, USA, 14-VII-1977 (VPIC). B. sp.: 2 pupal exuviae (in glycerin), 12 pupal exuviae, Bolean Lake, 6 km NE of Falkland, British Columbia, Canada, 12-13-VII-1989 (CNCI); 1 pupal exuviae (in glycerin), Spanish Lake, 6 km E of Falkland, 50°29.12N 119°28.07W, British Columbia, Canada, 27–28-V-2008 (CNCI); 4 pupal exuviae, 3 km E of Salmon Arm, British Columbia, Canada, 9-VI-1988 (CNCI); 9 pupal exuviae, 6 km E of Salmon Arm, British Columbia, Canada, 6-VI-1990 (CNCI); 5 pupal exuviae, 9 km S of Salmon Arm, British Columbia, Canada, 19-VII-1988 (CNCI); 2 pupal exuviae, 8 km E of Sicamous, British Columbia, Canada, 1-VI-1992 (CNCI); 2 pupal exuviae, 6.5 km NW of Enderby, British Columbia, Canada, 6-V-1992 (CNCI); 4 pupal exuviae, 30 km N of Nakusp, British Columbia, Canada, 5-VII-1990 (CNCI); 4 pupal exuviae, 20 km E of Anola, Manitoba, Canada, 16-VI-1990 (CNCI); 3 pupal exuviae, Trail Bay, Manitoba, Canada (CNCI); 1 pupal exuviae (in glycerin), 1 mi. E of Orleans, Ontario, Canada, 8-VII-1971 (CNCI); 1 pupal exuviae, 6 km N of Eardlay, Quebec, Canada, 15-V-1986 (CNCI); 2 pupal exuviae, Fire Lake, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 29-V-1948 (USNM); 5 pupal exuviae, 9 km W of Okanogan, Washington, USA, 13-VI-2008 (CNCI); 9 pupal exuviae, High Creek Fen Preserve, 9 mi S of Fairplay Park, Colorado, USA, 18-VI-1995 (CNCI); 1 pupal exuviae, Blue Mountain Lake, New York, USA, 30-VI-1958 (WLGC); 2 pupal exuviae, Ringwood Pond, Dryden, New York, USA, 7-III-1933 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, Keowee Reserve, Seneca, Ocouee County, South Carolina, USA, 16-V-1974 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, USA, 16-VII-1974 (USNM); 1 pupal exuviae, 8 km W of Atenas, Costa Rica, 19-VIII-1993 (CNCI); 2 pupal exuviae, carreterra entre Santa Cecilia y Upala, 1.6 km N.O. de BVirmania, Dos Rios, Upala, Alejuela, Costa Rica, 16-X-2006 (INBC); 1 pupal exuviae, Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama, 24-VI- 1996 (CNCI); 2 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 31-X-1995 (CNCI); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 30- VI-1996 (CNCI); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 10-IX-1995 (CNCI); 3 pupae, Lerchenauer See, Germany, 26-VII-1990, 27-VII-1990, 2-VIII-22-IX-1990 (CNCI); 1 pupa, Chiemsee, Germany, 13-VIII-1990; 1 pupa, 1 pupal exuviae, Bottsand nr. Stein, Germany, 5-VI-1932 (ZSMC); 2 pupal exuviae, Darban, Western Australia, Australia, 28-X-1986 (ANIC); 9 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 28-X-1985 (ANIC); 2 pupal exuviae, 5 km N of Darban, Western Australia, Australia, 29-X-1985 (ANIC); 3 pupal exuviae, Roper River Mission, Northern Territory, Australia, 8-XI-1956 (ANIC); 3 pupal exuviae, Humpty Doo, Northern Territory, Australia, V-1957 (ANIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Dayboro, Queensland, Australia, 10-VII-1951 (ANIC); 10 pupal exuviae, Nattai River, Mittagong, New South Wales, Australia, 4-XI-1964 (ANIC); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 15-XI-1968 (ANIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Gap Creek, The Crags, Mittagong, New South Wales, Australia, 10-II-1966 (ANIC); 5 pupal exuviae, Damin clearing, The Crags, Mittagong, New South Wales, Australia, 9-II-1966 (ANIC); 2 pupal exuviae, Deep Creek, Nanasheen, New South Wales, Australia, 7-XII-1956 (ANIC); 2 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 25-XI-1956 (ANIC); 21 pupal exuviae, Middle Creek, New South Wales, Australia, 8-II-1966 (ANIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Colo Vale, New South Wales, Australia, 16-X-1956 (ANIC); 2 pupal exuviae, Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia, 18-XI-1969 (ANIC); 2 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 25-X-1956 (ANIC); 2 pupal exuviae, Nepean River, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia, 9-XII-1968 (ANIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Griffith, New South Wales, Australia, 16-XI-1956 (ANIC); 1 pupal exuviae, Moruya River, Merricumbene Creek, New South Wales, Australia, 2-III-1964 (ANIC); 1 pupal exuviae, McCarrs Creek, New South Wales, Australia, 14-I-1969 (ANIC); 1 pupal exuviae, no locality, 14-I-1937 (SAIM).Published as part of Borkent, Art, 2014, The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera, pp. 1-327 in Zootaxa 3879 (1) on pages 100-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3879.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/494905
