1,720,957 research outputs found
At the Intersection of Race, Occupational Status, and Middle-Class Attainment in Young Adulthood
No full textUsing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 cohort, the study explores the intersection of labor force attachment and economic inequality. Using a wealth-based definition of middle-class status, changes in wealth inequality among the working and managerial class are examined. Results indicate that Black and Latinx young adults are disproportionately working class and that racialized identity is a stronger predictor of wealth attainment than occupational classifications among Black young adults. Wealth differentials by race are not static; they are growing over time, with downward mobility and lower growth experienced by both Black working and managerial class young adults
THREE ESSAYS ON COLLEGE STUDENT ACADEMIC SUCCESS AND WELL-BEING
No full textA college education can represent a path toward a stable career, social and health benefits, or upward mobility for students. However, a large proportion of students who enroll in college fail to complete a degree. Despite the potential benefits of a college education, students encounter a number of barriers to college success. In this dissertation, I explore how policies and student characteristics interact to produce varied student outcomes. In the first chapter, I (along with my co-author, Steven W. Hemelt) explore which students benefit from high-quality academic advising, and which advisor practices are associated with high-quality advising. We find that students initially assigned to high-VA advisors are more likely to complete college in 5 years. In the second chapter, I explore whether differential grade sensitivity can explain some of the gaps in persistence and completion between first-generation college students and their continuing-generation peers. Findings indicate that first-generation students at the bottom of the GPA distribution are less likely to persist and complete degrees than their continuing-generation peers with similar grades. Finally, the third chapter explores the effect of state-level liquor taxes on crime rates on college campuses. My results suggest that increasing the excise tax on liquor may decrease rates of sex offenses, violent offenses, and drug or weapon offenses. Each of these topics contribute to the larger literature on the academic success and general well-being of college students. In doing so, this dissertation aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on how institutions and policymakers can create environments that facilitate student success and well-being.Doctor of Philosoph
Priorities and challenges: Wealth management and financial planning among affluent Black families
No full textThis article highlights common financial issues and concerns of affluent Black American households as they attempt to build and maintain long‐term financial stability. In so doing, we shed light on the nexus of Black families seeking professional wealth management services and Black financial planners working to meet their needs while also attempting to carve out a successful business in a profession and industry within which they are woefully underrepresented. A collaboration of a wealth inequality scholar and financial planning professionals from a wealth management company, this article outlines common planning priorities and challenges raised by African‐American families with their planning advisors. While many of these are universal, they also represent topics that are overwhelmingly prioritized by Black clients. When possible, we use information from the 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances on households located in the top quintile of the Black wealth distribution, the “affluent,” to complement the information provided by the analysts of their targeted clientele
Essays in Labor Economics and Postsecondary Education
No full textIn Chapter 1 I investigate the supply of college majors and how this facet of institutional behavior influences student outcomes and costs in higher education. As a first contribution, I identify a decades-long trend in 4-year postsecondary education in the United States—the production of bachelor's degrees measured by their concentration across majors has diversified significantly over time. I document this pattern in multiple data sources and determine that within-college expansion of program options is a key driver of the trend. Isomorphic tendencies and colleges' acute attention to their close peer institutions provide the most consistent explanation for the way colleges have accommodated increasing demand for a bachelor's degree over time. I furthermore show that major diversification led to an increase in average instructional costs per student. This increase stemmed from spillovers within institutions as students shifted enrollment away from some pre-existing majors and into new and related programs. However, I also find major diversification increased 6-year graduation rates, suggesting students may sort more effectively across majors when more options are available. This highlights an important trade-off for colleges: increased costs for a more diverse set of major options can attract and retain more potential graduates. In Chapter 2 I estimate the labor supply effects of expanding Income-driven repayment (IDR) plan options for student loan borrowers in the the United States (US). Using two cohorts of former college students and detailed longitudinal data on employment, earnings, and student loan histories I show borrowers exposed to the 2009 IDR expansion were subsequently 2.1 percentage points more likely to be employed than a comparison group of similar bachelor's degree recipients. These employment effects led to significant and positive changes near the middle of the monthly earnings distribution, suggesting the marginal borrowers moved into stable employment. The effects were also stronger among borrowers with lower test scores and those more at-risk of non-payment highlighting the insurance aspects of IDR. Weekly hours worked and hourly wages did not markedly change when new IDR plans were introduced, but these aggregate effects mask heterogeneity across race – hourly wages for Black borrowers increased by 5 to 6 percent in both the 2009 and 2015 expansions compared to Black individuals in comparison groups. Taken together, these results underscore IDR's ability to re-align some labor market distortions brought on by student debt. Finally, in Chapter 3 I build upon recent work highlighting the responsiveness of college investment to changes in employer demand for different skills. I clarify how much of this response is driven by students sorting into higher-demand fields at college entry or from changes to majors once enrolled. Attributing response to these margins can help colleges target resources and information to align investments in times of need (e.g., a shortage) and sharpen our collective understanding of howstudents weigh career prospects in their educational decisions. Using micro-data from the University of North Carolina 4-year college system (UNC) I show labor market demand responsiveness stems mainly from initial sorting of students into their first major choices, with an enrollment elasticity greater than three. This response is driven by transfer students and women. Completed degree elasticities for the full sample fall closer to two, suggesting a drop-off in response on the intensive within-school margin. I attribute this to two things. First, students who initially sorted into high-demand majors were less likely to complete their degree in five years, more likely to stop out, and accumulated fewer credits than other students. They were also significantly less likely to change their majors. Second, major changing, while positively related to degree completion, is not aligned with labor demand shocks, meaning students change to lower-demand majors, on average.Doctor of Philosoph
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Three Essays on Gender Role Socialization, Gender Equality, and Gendered Policy
No full textGender role attitudes measure opinions about men’s and women’s roles in society. The attitudes can guide individual behaviors and policy decisions. This dissertation explores the generation of gender role attitudes in the family, how the attitudes change women’s social participation with other indicators, and whether it can predict gendered policies that protect women’s rights. This is the first study to focus on the transmission of gender role attitudes inside families in China. It also collects province-level data on gender role attitudes in China and analyzes the dynamics between gender ideology and gendered policy. This dissertation also uses comparative methods to study the role of gender ideology in women’s labor force participation and political representation.In the second chapter, I find that parental behaviors, such as the distribution of housework, have significant correlations with children’s knowledge of gender equality in China. When parents undertake housework responsibilities more equally, it is associated with the finding that children would better understand gender equality. The correlation differentiates in various family patterns based on the number of children and their genders. The third and fourth chapters examine the impact of gender role attitudes. The third chapter evaluates the effect of female political representation on the gender gap in labor force participation, along with the influence of gender role attitudes and paid maternity leave. I find that female representation influences women in the labor market majorly through gendered policy in developing countries, which has an immediate effect but may not last in the long term. In developed countries, gender role attitudes are the key factor in the relationship between political representation and labor force participation.The fourth chapter examines the geographic distribution of gender role attitudes at the province level in China. I also analyze the association between gender ideology and gendered policy. Although provincial gender role attitudes are not a significant factor in explaining policy change, they still provide insights into how provincial governments in China make policy decisions. It also shows that social development, rural-urban segregation, cultural traditions, and ethnic groups are profoundly associated with local policymaking on gender.Doctor of Philosoph
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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