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Annotating Significant Relations on Multimedia Web Documents
No full textAnnotation is a fundamental activity for information extraction. Annotation of large
corpora provides a basis for building ontologies and thesauri (Braschler and Schauble
2000), while annotation of existing data helps adding semantics (Volz et al. 2004).
The elements to be annotated range from simple text (Kahan and Koivunen 2001),
to structured data (Geerts et al. 2006), images (Herve and Boujemaa 2007), and
video (Del Bimbo and Bertini 2007), while the annotation content can be as simple
as a tag (Zheng et al. 2008a,b) or as complex as a whole new document (Bottoni
et al. 2006), most commonly being text. While traditional annotation on paper alter
the physical support of the document, digital annotations can be added at will on a
digital document without modifying it, still maintaining their relationship to the
original document through suitable metadata.
Automatic annotation of complex documents is still a hard problem for computational
systems, hence any support to the manual work of the human annotators,
for example, retrieval of existing information or versatility in managing different
types of media is helpful. Moreover multimedia documents can be both the subject
and the content of the annotation, making the combined management of documents
and annotations a must. On the other hand, as we focus on in this chapter, annotation
can prove useful not only for wide communities, but also for groups of interest
or at the enterprise level, or even for individuals, allowing them to accumulate
knowledge on specific topics by constructing a web of annotations.
In this sense, the annotation activity can be used to extract and retrieve two types
of information. In the first type, which we may call “objective,” well-known facts, for
example, dates, places, or names, are extracted, which need to be related, structured,
and documented, possibly according to known, domain-dependent conventions. Ithe second, “subjective,” type, the information which is extracted is related to the
user’s goal in the context of a particular activity. Users may want to associate different,
possibly unrelated parts of a document, such as salient features of an event
or location, or of the psychological profile of a person, or information about a
product or service, with a view to what is needed for a given task, for example, a
presentation, a lecture, or the construction of a personal archive. Moreover, they
want to do so in a nondisruptive way, while perusing the document.
The MADCOW system (for Multimedia Annotation of Digital Content Over the
Web) (Bottoni et al. 2004, 2006), allows users to annotate web pages containing
different types of media with web notes composed of text, images, video, and, in
general, any type of digital document, which can then be retrieved from the originally
annotated document (or directly through queries to an annotation server), and
which can be made public. The MADCOW client is integrated as a bookmarklet on
the toolbar of the most common browsers and allows readers to create or retrieve
annotations on the current page without interfering with their normal behavior
when accessing information on the Web.
We have recently enriched MADCOW with the ability to create notes pertaining
not only to single blocks of text or to structures within pictures contained in the
page, but also referring to any combination of these individual elements. As an
example, writers involved in the cooperative construction of a web page, or a scholar
reading a scientific document, could create a single note on two portions of text that
appear as contradictory, or as a repetition. A detailed analysis of a picture might
immediately refer to the text describing it. More sophisticated uses might uncover
the logical relations between different parts of the document as described in the
first scenario presented in the paper. These actions need not be done by the author
of the document, but provide a dynamic construction of the interpretation of the
document by its readers, in a sense materializing the notion of “open work” (Eco
1962). To our knowledge, no existing system for manual web annotation tackles the
problem of linking a single annotation to different portions of the document.
In the following, we introduce our running example on two scenarios, concerning
cooperative enrichment of available material between teacher and students,
and extraction of structured information by a single user, illustrating the use of
MADCOW to organize the two types of information discussed above. We present
the notion of multistructure, allowing the creation of multi-notes, which associate a
single annotation with several elements of a Web document, and present the relevant
data structures and the interaction by which they are created exploiting the
MADCOW client. Finally, we show how multi-notes can further be manipulated
and reused by readers accessing them
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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