3 research outputs found
Simbol "Jantan Positif" dalam ungkapan Melayu Tenas Effendy dari gagasan kritikan Melayu S. Othman Kelantan
No full textSimbol "Jantan Positif" dalam Ungkapan Melayu Tenas Effendy dari Gagasan Kritikan Melayu S. Othman Kelantan
No full textThis paper discusses about the symbol of "jantan" (male dominance) which have positive meanings, found in Malay proverbs by Tenas Effendy. This discussion uses the Framework of Malay Critiques by S. Othman Kelantan, which contains 10 principles. The underlying meanings in the "jantan" symbol will be analyzed to scrutinize the worldview of those who conceptualize these Malay proverbs as well as their association with the negative traits of male dominance. Malay proverbs that have been examined will be able to illuminate the inherent thought patterns of the Malay society, and at the same time, explore their vast knowledge of the world. Research on the Malay "Jantan" is important to analyze the lens in which was viewed by a predominantly oral society, as well as the explicit and implicit meanings of the symbols in Malay proverbs.
Keywords: Symbol, male, proverbs, underlying meaning, Malay critiquesArtikel ini membincangkan simbol jantan positif yang terdapat dalam ungkapan Melayu. Ungkapan Melayu untuk kata "jantan" yang terpilih ini terkandung dalam buku Ungkapan Melayu - Pemahaman dan Permasalahannya oleh Tenas Effendy. Ungkapan Melayu merupakan kumpulan puisi lisan. Fokus penulisan hanya pada simbol jantan positif. Perbincangan bersandarkan Gagasan Kritikan Melayu oleh s. Othman Kelantan yang mengandungi 10 gagasan prinsip. Makna siratan simbol jantan dikupas untuk memperlihatkan pemikiran masyarakat Melayu yang menggunakan ungkapan ini. Artikel ini juga mencirikan setiap ciri "jantan positif" yang terakam dalam buku ini. Ungkapan Melayu yang dikaji dapat membongkar budaya pemikiran masyarakatnya secara tersirat, sekali gus menelusuri serta memanfaatkan ilmu pengetahuan daripada khazanah bangsa Melayu ini. Kajian tentang "jantan positif" ini penting untuk menganalisis sudut pandangan dunia masyarakat Melayu dalam sastera lisan yang disampaikan secara tersurat dan tersirat melalui penggunaan lambang dalam ungkapannya.
Kata kunci: simbol, jantan, ungkapan Melayu, makna siratan, Gagasan Kritikan Melay
Preparation and characterisation of polymeric lamellar substrate particles (PLSP)
No full textPolymer microparticles have tremendous potential as the next generation of adjuvant systems to replace the only adjuvant currently widely registered for human use, alum. Based on aluminium salts, alum adjuvants work as short-term depots of adsorbed protein/antigens that slowly 'leak' into the body's immune system, inducing immunity by invoking a humoral response. The main disadvantage of alum adjuvants is that they do not raise sufficient antibody levels to induce long-term immunity. Hence, booster administrations are required. This drawback presents the biggest factor in the failure of many vaccination programmes. Polymer microparticulate systems can be fashioned to deliver sub-unit and peptide antigens in a continuous or controlled rate over a desired period of time, avoiding the need for booster doses. The design of mucosal vaccines is now centred upon the use of these polymeric carriers. The mucosal route for immunisation has many advantages over the more conventional systemic route, the most important of which, is the induction of both humoral and cellular immunity. Polymer microspheres of sizes <10#mu#m are especially good candidates as oral vaccine adjuvants as they are taken up by the M cells of the Peyer's patches in the intestine. Numerous studies have been carried out on microspheres into which antigens have been encapsulated or entrapped. There are, however, problems associated with loss of antigenicity since formulation procedures involve the use of organic solvents and harsh shearing methods. Additionally, these antigens may be further degraded when the polymer material itself degrades in vivo and produces acidic species. A novel adjuvant system that avoids the above problems is currently being evaluated. Poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) polymeric lamellar substrate particles (PLSP) are promising as novel adjuvants for the controlled release of antigens. Reports have shown that the adsorption of antigens onto the surface of these particles can induce cellular immune responses in animal models. The fate and efficiency of the PLSP as adjuvants and antigen carriers in vivo depends on their physicochemical properties. The type of polymer material used, which includes factors such as molecular weight and crystallinity; and the manufacturing processes involved, affect these properties. Therefore it is crucial to determine and control the critical parameters. The surface properties of the PLSP determine their adsorptive, retention and release characteristics; hence it is important that these surfaces are optimally tailored for their specific purposes. In this thesis, process variables such as temperature, polymer molecular weight, polymer concentration, solvent type, pH and mode of non-solvent addition are varied in order to ascertain the critical parameters. The surfaces of PLSP are modified by adsorbing non-ionic, anionic natural, and cationic surfactants and polymers. The efficiency and result of surface modification techniques are then investigated by analysing some of the modified samples using FTIR-ATR and performing protein adsorption studies. Dynamic adsorption studies using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has helped elucidate the adsorption profiles of unmodified and PEG surface-modified PLSP. (author)Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DXN058968 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
