4 research outputs found
The Case of Three Selected Microfinance Institutions
No full textThis paper examines the role of microcredit for women’s poverty reduction using the case of three Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia; ACSI, DECSI and OCSSCO. Microcredit is one of the very most recognized tools for poverty reduction and has captured the attention of many researchers. Researchers have documented both the positive and negative impacts of microcredit on the lives of poor borrowers. Studies on Ethiopian MFIs however give much focus on financial performance and profitability of the institutions than their impact on borrowers’ life. There has been surprisingly little coverage on the issue of impact study on women. Consequently, little is known about the impact of MFIs on borrowers’ life generally and on women particularly. Assessing the impact of this growing industry on the lives of women is important and this study has tried to fill the gap by examining the outreach of the three biggest MFIs to women clients, their role to increase women’s income, saving and consumption and also the reasons why they did not bring significant contribution to help women escape from poverty. In this paper it has been argued that microcredit did not play significant role for women’s poverty reduction because of high interest rate, MFIs high average outstanding balance/GNI per capita, low loan officers’ productivity and the use of the loan for consumption than business development by women borrowers. The general objective of this thesis was to explore why the selected microfinance institutions did not play a significant role for women poverty reduction in Ethiopia?
Using data from secondary sources, it has been found out that there is low outreach to women clients; MFIs charge high interest rate even greater than the commercial banks. The activities women were engaged to generate income do not have satisfactory return which can help them escape from poverty. Women were found using the loan for consumption purpose than income generating activities and the size of loan women have borrowed was small than men counterparts. It was also found out that MFIs in order to lend for borrowers, they themselves are borrowing from commercial banks and this borrowing from commercial banks forced them to charge higher interest rate. This on the other hand limits women’s ability to increase in their income and savings.
Finally, it is recommended that Ethiopian government should extend non-fragmented credit services to borrowers by expanding development banks as well as commercial banks deep down into the grass root level. More qualitative research is also needed to deeply examine how the MFIs impacted the lives of women either positively or negatively by contacting the beneficiaries themselves or having primary data.;본 논문은 여성의 빈곤감소를 위한 소액대출의 역할에 대해서 이디오피아에 있는 3 기관인 ACSI, DECSI, 그리고 OCSSCO 의 사례를 사용하여 살펴보고 있다. 소액대출은 빈곤감소를 위하여 가장 널리 인식되고 있는 방법 중에 하나로, 많은 연구자들의 관심을 끌어왔다. 연구자들은 소액대출이 빈곤층의 대출자에게 미치는 영향에 대해 긍정적이고 부정적인 면에 대해서 연구해왔으나, 이디오피아의 MFIs에 대한 연구는 대출자의 삶에 미치는 영향보다는 기관의 재무 실적 및 이익성에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 뿐만 아니라, MFIs가 여성에게 미치는 영향력에 대한 연구는 놀랍게도 거의 다뤄지지 않아왔고, 따라서 MFIs가 대출자의 삶에 미치는 영향력, 특히 여성에게 미치는 영향력에 대해서는 알려져 온 바가 거의 없는 상황이다.
이 성장하는 산업이 여성에게 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 평가하는 것은 매우 중요하기에, 본 연구는 가장 큰 MFIs가 여성고객들에게 미치는 영향을 조사 함으로서, 그들이 여성의 수입과 저축, 소비 증가에 어떠한 역할을 해왔는지, 또한 여성이 빈곤으로부터 벗어나는데 왜 유의미한 기여를 하지 못했는지에 대해 연구함으로써 연구의 간격을 채우고자 시도하였다. 본 논문은 소액대출의 높은 이자율과, 일인당 GNI대비 높은 미불부채 비율, 그리고 직원들의 낮은 생산성, 그리고 여성 대출자들의 사업 개발보다 소비에 초점을 맞춘 대출금 사용으로 인하여, 소액대출이 여성의 빈곤감소에 유의미한 역할을 하지 못했음을 주장하고 있다. 본 논문은 선정된 소액대출기관들이 왜 여성의 빈곤감소를 위해 유의미한 역할을 하지 못하였는지에 대해 연구하는 것을 그 목적으로 한다.
2차 데이터를 통하여 보았을 때, MFIs는 상업은행보다 더 높은 이자율을 부과함으로써 여성 고객들에게는 접근성이 낮음을 발견하였다. 여성들이 소득창출을 위해 참여한 활동들은, 그들이 빈곤에서 벗어날 만큼의 충분한 수익을 가져다 주지 못하고 있다. 또한, 여성들은 대출금을 소득창출활동보다는 소비목적으로 사용하고 있으며, 여성들이 대출 받은 대출금의 규모는 남성보다 적음을 발견하였다. MFIs는 대출을 해주기 위해서 그들 스스로 상업은행에게 대출을 받고 있으며, 상업은행으로부터의 대출이 그들에게 높은 이자율을 부과하게 만들고 있다. 이것은 다른 면에서 여성의 소득과 저축의 증가를 제한하는 역할을 하고 있다.
결론적으로, 본 논문은 이디오피아 정부는 일반 대중들의 필요에 부응하는 개발은행과 상업은행을 증가시켜서 분절화되지 않은 신용 서비스를 늘려야 함을 제안하고 있다. 수혜자들과의 직접적인 접촉 및 1차 데이터를 통해서, 향후 MFIs가 어떻게 여성의 삶에 긍정적이고 부정적인 영향을 미쳤는지에 대해 연구하는 더 많은 질적 연구들이 요구된다.I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Conceptual Framework 11
II. LITERATURE REVIEW 16
2.1. The General Overview of Microcredit 16
2.2. Microcredit Approaches 19
2.3. Microcredit Issues and Debates 21
2.3.1. Debates on for profit VS nonprofit (Charity or Business) 22
2.3.2. Debate on Credit and/or Other Services (Minimalist VS Integrated) 25
2.3.3 Debate on Client Targeting 27
2.4. Criticism against Microcredit 29
2.4.1. High Interest Rate and Indebtedness 29
2.4.2 Size of Loan 31
2.4.3. Failure to Eliminate Poverty Levels 32
2.4.4. Insignificant Motivation for Business 35
2.5. Women, Poverty and Microcredit 36
III. MICROFINANCE SECTOR IN ETHIOPIA 41
3.1. Country Background 41
3.2 Overview of Microcredit in Ethiopia 42
3.3. Highlightes on the Selcted Microfinance Instituions 46
3.3.1. The Amhara Credit and Saving Institution (ACSI) 46
3.3.2. Dedebit Credit and Saving Institution 48
3.3.3. The Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company 50
IV. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 51
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 88
5.1. Conclusion 88
5.2. Recommendations 91
REFERENCE 94
APPENDIX 106
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 11
Women’s Access to and Utilization of Sanitation and their Determinant Factors in Some Selected Rural Areas of East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia
Full text linkThis study aimed to examine women’s sanitation access and utilization level and their determinants in some selected rural areas of East Gojjam Zone. The research employed cross sectional study design and data was collected from 380 women selected through multistage cluster sampling technique. Proportional odds model and partial proportional odds model were used to estimate the association between different factors and women’s sanitation access and utilization level. The result indicated that out of 380 sampled women, about 42.6% have high sanitation access compared with 34.7% medium and 22.6% low respectively. Despite this however; about 50.9% respondents have low sanitation utilization suggesting a mismatch between sanitation access at household level and women’s utilization status. Household size, access to sanitation facilities, and knowledge about the benefit of latrine utilization were found to be statistically significant determinants of women’s sanitation utilization while marital status, district, household income, participation in women health development team, and dependency ratio were found to be determinants of sanitation access. The study suggests that besides promotions to increase sanitation facility availability, monitoring on the utilization of the facilities need to be strengthened. Income creation capacity of women and their households should be strengthened as well
Women’s Access to and Utilization of Sanitation and their Determinant Factors in Some Selected Rural Areas of East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia
Full text linkThis study aimed to examine women’s sanitation access and utilization level and their determinants in some selected rural areas of East Gojjam Zone. The research employed cross sectional study design and data was collected from 380 women selected through multistage cluster sampling technique. Proportional odds model and partial proportional odds model were used to estimate the association between different factors and women’s sanitation access and utilization level. The result indicated that out of 380 sampled women, about 42.6% have high sanitation access compared with 34.7% medium and 22.6% low respectively. Despite this however; about 50.9% respondents have low sanitation utilization suggesting a mismatch between sanitation access at household level and women’s utilization status. Household size, access to sanitation facilities, and knowledge about the benefit of latrine utilization were found to be statistically significant determinants of women’s sanitation utilization while marital status, district, household income, participation in women health development team, and dependency ratio were found to be determinants of sanitation access. The study suggests that besides promotions to increase sanitation facility availability, monitoring on the utilization of the facilities need to be strengthened. Income creation capacity of women and their households should be strengthened as well
The Empowerment Effect of Womens Acces to Hygiene and Utilization Status In Rural Areas of East Gojjam Zone Northwest Ethiopia
No full textThe empowerment has become a common component of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions. However, there is limited evidence on whether access to and utilization of WASH facilities have contributed to the empowerment of women. This study aimed to understand the empowerment effect of women’s access to hygiene and utilization status in selected rural areas of Gozamin and Machakel districts in the East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. The analyses were conducted based on responses from 325 married women selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Gologit2 was used to estimate the correlation between women’s access to hygiene and utilization level and their empowerment status. The gologit2 estimation identified hygiene utilization to have a statistically significant association with women empowerment in terms of self-esteem, household decision-making, and participation in rural health extension activities. A woman with a high hygiene utilization level was 2.5 times more likely to be empowered than a woman with low hygiene utilization level was. However, no statistically significant correlation was found between women’s access to hygiene and their empowerment status. It showed that the mere presence of hygiene facilities did not empower women unless these were actually utilized. Therefore, the researcher recommended that the government strengthen its work to promote and monitor women’s hygiene utilization in addition to the availability of hygiene facilities in the household. Pemberdayaan telah menjadi bagian komponen umum dari air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan (WASH). Namun, ada bukti terbatas tentang apakah akses dan pemanfaatan fasilitas WASH telah berkontribusi pada pemberdayaan perempuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pengaruh pemberdayaan akses perempuan terhadap status kebersihan dan pemanfaatan di daerah pedesaan terpilih di distrik Gozamin dan Machakel di Zona Gojjam Timur Ethiopia. Analisis kami didasarkan pada tanggapan dari 325 wanita menikah yang dipilih melalui teknik sampling cluster multi-stage. Gologit2 digunakan untuk memperkirakan hubungan antara akses perempuan ke tingkat kebersihan dan pemanfaatan dan status pemberdayaan mereka. Estimasi gologit2 mengidentifikasi pemanfaatan kebersihan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dengan pemberdayaan perempuan dalam hal harga diri, pengambilan keputusan rumah tangga, dan partisipasi dalam kegiatan penyuluhan kesehatan pedesaan. Wanita dengan tingkat pemanfaatan higiene yang tinggi memiliki kemungkinan 2,5 kali lebih besar untuk diberdayakan dibandingkan dengan wanita dengan tingkat pemanfaatan higiene yang rendah. Namun, tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara akses perempuan terhadap kebersihan dan status pemberdayaannya, yang menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan fasilitas kebersihan saja tidak memberdayakan perempuan kecuali jika fasilitas tersebut benar-benar dimanfaatkan. Kami, oleh karena itu; merekomendasikan agar pemerintah memperkuat pekerjaannya untuk mempromosikan dan memantau pemanfaatan kebersihan oleh perempuan selain ketersediaan fasilitas kebersihan di rumah tangga.
