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An Investigation of Postmodern Characteristics in the Selected Works of Abu-Torab Khosravi and Bijan Najdi
No full textAbstract Postmodernist stories are a combination of the real world and the meta-real world, containing many characteristics, among which the most important are the distinct presence of the narrator, temporal confusion and a lack of sequence, ambiguity, a multiplicity of narrators, and anonymity. In this article, selected works by Bijan Najdi and Abu-Torab Khosravi are reviewed, and these features are analyzed and compared. Abu-Torab Khosravi often uses anonymous characters in his postmodern stories, referring to them with alphabetical letters; multiple narrators, time reversals, the presence of the narrator-author in the story, and the use of intertextual elements in the form of rewriting are the characteristics of this author. In his works, Bijan Najdi talks directly to the reader and explains the story. His characters either do not have a name or have repeated names and therefore lack a specific identity. The narrative sequence in his stories is also disrupted by frequent back-and-forth movement. Intertextuality is also present in his stories in the form of mythological impressions.IntroductionPostmodernism, as one of the most significant intellectual and literary movements of the contemporary era, emerged in response to the principles and foundations of modernism. Rejecting rational certainties and absolute metanarratives, postmodernism emphasizes relativity, multiplicity, and the instability of meaning. In literature, it is characterized by features such as polyphony, intertextuality, the disruption of linear time and space, and the blurring of boundaries between reality and imagination. Persian postmodern fiction, particularly in recent decades, has been deeply influenced by these elements. Among its most prominent figures are Abu-Torab Khosravi and Bijan Najdi, both of whom have employed metafictional techniques, self-reference, and variable narrative perspectives to create innovative forms of storytelling that reflect the fragmented consciousness of modern humanity. The present study aims to examine how postmodern elements are manifested in the narrative structures of these two authors. Literature ReviewWithin the field of Persian postmodern literary studies, numerous works have explored the fiction of Bijan Najdi and Abu-Torab Khosravi; however, few comparative studies have directly examined both authors in relation to one another. Tadayoni (2008), in “The Rebirth of a Metafiction,” analyzed postmodern features in Khosravi’s works through the lens of metafiction. Nobakht (2012) examined polyphony and the multiplicity of characters in Asfar-e Katiban, interpreting them as manifestations of the narrator’s fragmented self. Similarly, Shakarian and colleagues (2016) analyzed metafictional elements in An Elegy for Zhāleh and Her Killer. On the other hand, Mohibi (2014) and Kiani & Jalali-Pandari (2015) focused on Najdi’s fiction, exploring metafictional devices, narrative ambiguity, and reader-text interaction. Although these studies have effectively identified postmodern features in each author’s works, a comparative investigation of narrative perspective and narration across both authors has been largely neglected. This research seeks to fill that gap. MethodologyThis study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on library research. Selected works by Bijan Najdi and Abu-Torab Khosravi were analyzed to extract narrative elements related to narration and point of view. Drawing on theoretical frameworks proposed by postmodern critics, the study examines each author’s treatment of narrative structure, polyphony, and the manipulation of time and space. In the comparative stage, similarities and differences between the two writers in their application of postmodernist elements are identified to determine how closely their works align with the theoretical principles of postmodernism. ConclusionThe findings reveal that, due to its fluid and multifaceted nature, postmodernism lacks a fixed and uniform framework, and its manifestations vary across different literary works. In Khosravi’s fiction, elements such as multiple narrators, temporal distortion, and loss of identity are particularly prominent. Through ambiguous and interwoven narrators and characters, he constructs multilayered narratives that engage the reader’s interpretive faculties. In contrast, Najdi employs a more poetic mode of narration, erasing individual identities and repeating names to evoke a sense of cosmopolitan unity and human interconnectedness. By incorporating surrealistic elements and blending fantasy with reality, Najdi blurs the boundary between narrator and narrative, inviting the reader to participate in the process of sense-making.A comparative analysis demonstrates that, although both authors transcend the limits of modernism and enter the realm of postmodernism, their approaches to postmodern aesthetics differ. Khosravi’s works reveal a stronger philosophical and mystical inclination, intertwining philosophical and literary discourses, whereas Najdi draws on history and mythology to achieve intertextual depth. Ultimately, both writers, through their use of intertextuality, foregrounding, and polyphonic narration, have contributed to the localization of postmodern aesthetics in Persian literature, offering an indigenous expression of this global literary movement
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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