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A systematic review of methodology applied during preclinical anesthetic neurotoxicity studies: important issues and lessons relevant to the design of future clinical research
No full textSummary
Preclinical evidence suggests that anesthetic agents harm the developing brain
thereby causing long-term neurocognitive impairments. It is not clear if these
findings apply to humans, and retrospective epidemiological studies thus far
have failed to show definitive evidence that anesthetic agents are harmful to
the developing human brain.
Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the preclinical stud ies published over the past decade, with a focus on methodological issues, to
facilitate the comparison between different preclinical studies and inform bet ter design of future trials.
Method: The literature search identified 941 articles related to the topic of
neurotoxicity. As the primary aim of this systematic review was to compare
methodologies applied in animal studies to inform future trials, we excluded a
priori all articles focused on putative mechanism of neurotoxicity and the
neuroprotective agents. Forty-seven preclinical studies were finally included
in this review.
Results: Methods used in these studies were highly heterogeneous—animals
were exposed to anesthetic agents at different developmental stages, in vari ous doses and in various combinations with other drugs, and overall showed
diverse toxicity profiles. Physiological monitoring and maintenance of physio logical homeostasis was variable and the use of cognitive tests was generally
limited to assessment of specific brain areas, with restricted translational
relevance to human
Werking van inhalatie anesthetica.
No full text38.Meerts CH, Absalom AR. Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 2013;14:355-6039.Peeters MAG, Absalom AR. Spinal trauma. Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2012; 4(1): 16 - 2
Mechanism of action of the anesthetic agents.
No full text38.Meerts CH, Absalom AR. Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 2013;14:355-6039.Peeters MAG, Absalom AR. Spinal trauma. Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2012; 4(1): 16 - 2
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Mechanism of action of the anesthetic agents.
No full text38.Meerts CH, Absalom AR. Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 2013;14:355-6039.Peeters MAG, Absalom AR. Spinal trauma. Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2012; 4(1): 16 - 2
Mechanism of action of the anesthetic agents.
No full text38.Meerts CH, Absalom AR. Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 2013;14:355-6039.Peeters MAG, Absalom AR. Spinal trauma. Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2012; 4(1): 16 - 2
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in the Pediatric Patient
No full textThe pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and side effect profile of most medications used in children differ from those in adults; these differences are most pronounced in neonates. PK are affected by maturation of organ function and body composition, altered protein binding, distinct disease spectrum, diverse behaviour and dissimilar receptor patterns (Kearns et al., N Engl J Med 349(12):1157–67, 2003). The capacity of the end organ, such as the brain, heart or skeletal muscle, to respond to medications may also differ in children compared with adults (PD effects). Dose modification to achieve the desired clinical response and avoid toxicity is required for children. Dose calculations are based on knowledge of PK and PD (Anderson and Holford, Arch Dis Child. 98(9):737–44, 2013)
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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