1,720,955 research outputs found
Overcoming Challenges in Electrochemical Sensing: Toward Continuous Monitoring
No full textThe advancement of decentralized and real-time monitoring necessitates robust electrochemical sensors that can operate continuously in complex environments. However, transitioning these sensors from laboratory prototypes to reliable field devices remains challenging due to issues like signal drift, fouling, integration constraints, and insufficient selectivity under real-world conditions. This review explores emerging strategies designed to overcome the core challenges limiting the performance and longevity of electrochemical sensors in continuous monitoring scenarios. We first examine advanced materials and surface modification techniques, including permselective membranes, biorecognition elements, including molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), nanostructures, and ratiometric sensing, that enhance selectivity and minimize interference. Antifouling coatings, self-healing electrodes, and dynamic polymer systems are discussed as key developments to counteract degradation and improve structural durability. Machine learning and chemometric approaches are presented as powerful tools for signal deconvolution, drift compensation, and adaptive calibration, with a particular focus on their integration into sensing workflows. Finally, we address system-level challenges related to sample handling, highlighting innovations in microfluidics, passive and active sampling, and hybrid platforms incorporating biosensing and separation modules. Together, these multidisciplinary strategies form a roadmap to support the translation of electrochemical sensors into reliable tools for continuous, autonomous monitoring across environmental, biomedical, and industrial applications
Application of deep eutectic solvents for the determination of residual solvents in pharmaceuticals using headspace gas chromatography /
No full textOrganic residual solvents can be unavoidable in pharmaceutical industry, even after drying, due to the organic solvents presence in many manufacturing steps. These ORSs can present many harmful effects which need to be avoided. Consequently, the presence of ORSs in pharmaceuticals is being strictly regulated by pharmacopeias to control and avoid these harmful effects using sensitive and accurate analytical methods. Headspace gas chromatography HS-GC is considered the optimal choice among the different analytical methods due to the volatile nature of the ORS, moreover, the selection of an appropriate sample matrix is a crucial step for this method. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have received a great deal of attention in many industries, due to their promising advantages and properties. In this work, different DESs were synthesized using microwave-assisted heating (except for ChCl: Urea 1:2) and investigated for their potential as a sample matrix for ORSs determination using HS-GC technique by investigating the resulting peak areas. Upon investigation, polar ORSs showed greater recovery dependence on the composition of the used DES, while non-polar ORSs did not show a significant change in response to the type of DES used. Consequently, among the different selected DESs, choline chloride: citric acid: glucose (1:1:1) with 15% water content showed the best results and highest ORSs recovery using HS-GC. Injection and heating time were optimized using the selected DES to an injection time of 0.05 minutes and a heating time of 15 minutes. A calibration curve was built for each ORS using the optimized conditions of HS-GC and the DESs as a sample matrix for common pharmaceuticals. The developed method was shown to be able to detect class 2 and 3 residual solvents at limits way lower than the acceptable limits by pharmacopeias. However, for class 1 residual solvents, lower limits of determination are needed, which can’t be achieved using HS-GC only. In such cases, it should be noted that this limitation is not attributed to the use of DESs as sample matrix, the use of SPME or trap HS-GC is necessary. More investigation into their possible applications and effect of water addition as well as possible mixtures is needed to utilize their full potential as an effective green analytical method
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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