1,720,985 research outputs found
View-based abstraction: Enhancing Maintainability and Modularity in the presence of Implementation Dependencies
No full textThis dissertation presents a new, backwards compatible, language independent, and incremental programming methodology called view-based abstraction. Unlike the well-known black-box abstraction approach, view-based abstraction enables programmers to maintain program modularity even in the presence of implementation couplings, i.e., dependencies among the code modules that rely on otherwise "hidden" implementation details not specified in the module interfaces. This dissertation also presents a transformation-based implementation of view-based abstraction, called ViewForm. ViewForm acts as a source-to-source preprocessor that automatically performs an implementation coupling expressed by the programmer. When the original code is later updated, ViewForm automatically attempts to reapply the implementation coupling to the updated code. ViewForm will modify the updated source code only if the coupling is still valid. In this way, by performing some extra work up front, the programmer performing an implementation coupling saves future programmers from having to pay for the consequences of broken modularity. To aid in writing this up-front ViewForm code, this dissertation presents a structured approach for using view-based abstraction and writing ViewForm transformations constructs. To demonstrate view-based abstraction, ViewForm is used to produce automated, performance-based implementation couplings in three example programs: an amorphous computing simulator, a conditional-probability pedigree computation, and ViewForm itself. Unlike other approaches that also use interprocedural program analyses, the results indicate that view-based abstraction is practical and scales gracefully - the extra automation increased compilation time from a typical 34%, to 40% in the worst case, despite a less than fully optimized ViewForm implementation. Each optimization required the programmer to write only 65 to 137 lines of ViewForm code for programs of size 167 lines to 7,616 lines. This work is amortized as time saved by programmers modifying the original program in the future. In all three examples, ViewForm maintained modularity by regenerating correct code when the original modules were modified - even when those modifications were to the optimization-dependent sections of the original code
Measuring the Usability and Capability of App Inventor to Create Mobile Applications
Full text linkMIT App Inventor is a web service that enables users with little to no previous programming experience to create mobile applications using a visual blocks language. We analyze a sample of 5,228 random projects from the corpus of 9.7 million and group projects by functionality. We then use the number of unique blocks in projects as a metric to better understand the usability and realized capability of using App Inventor to implement specific functionalities. We introduce the notion of a usability score and our results indicate that introductory tutorials heavily influence the usability of App Inventor to implement particular functionalities. Our findings suggest that the sequential nature of App Inventor’s learning resources results in users realizing only a portion of App Inventor’s capabilities and propose improvements to these learning resources that are transferable to other programming environments and tools.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (Google Research and Innovation Scholarship
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
: Libre partage au MIT
No full textOpen Sharing at MIT Universities have a mission to create, preserve, and disseminate knowledge. In addressing that mission, universities should take care support the information commons -- the shared wellspring of ideas and innovation from which all may freely draw. In this talk, I'll describe two initiatives at MIT that strengthen the commons by providing educational resources that are freely open to the world. MIT OpenCourseWare aims to publish the material for all MIT courses, freely and openly to the entire world. The OpenCourseWare web site hosts over 20,000 visitors a day, providing free access to the materials for over 1200 MIT courses. Course materials are distributed under a license that allows any to copy, modify, and redistribute this work. Beyond MIT, other more that 50 universities around the world are planning their own OpenCourseWare initiatives. MIT DSpace is an institutional repository maintained by the university libraries. It gives the university control over how its research output is disseminated without being beholden to an increasingly monopolistic academic publishing establishment. DSpace has expanded beyond MIT, with more than 150 institutions now hosting their own DSpace repositories. I'll also discuss the Creative Commons project, which provides the license for OpenCourseWare. Creative Commons which creates legal licensing tools designed to promote worldwide sharing on the Internet so that artists, scholars, and other creators can build upon each others' works.Libre partage au MIT Les universités ont pour mission la création, la préservation et la diffusion des connaissances. Pour mener à bien cette mission, elles devraient prendre en considération et promouvoir les biens communs en matière d'information - la source partagée des idées et innovations où chacun peut librement puiser. Dans cette conférence, Hal Abelson, décrit deux initiatives du MIT qui confortent cette approche des biens communs en proposant des ressources éducatives libres et gratuites d'utilisation. MIT OpenCourseWare a pour objectif d'offrir au monde entier l'accès libre et gratuit aux documents et contenus de tous les cours du MIT. Le site web OpenCourseWare reçoit plus de 20 000 visiteurs par jour qui profitent de ce libre accès à plus de 1200 cours du MIT. Ceux-ci sont diffusés sous couvert d'une licence permettant à n'importe qui de les copier, modifier et redistribuer. Au-delà du MIT, plus de 50 autres universités dans le monde projettent de lancer leurs propres initiatives OpenCourseWare. MIT Dspace est une banque de documents institutionnels gérée par les bibliothèques de l'université. Elle donne à celle-ci le contrôle sur la diffusion de ses résultats de recherche sans être tributaire d'éditeurs de publications universitaires en situation de monopole croissant. DSpace s'est étendu au-delà du seul MIT, plus de 150 institutions gérant désormais leurs propres dépôts DSpace. Hal Abelson évoquera également le projet de Creative Commons qui propose les licences utilisées par OpenCorseWare. Creative Commons crée les outils légaux de licence conçus pour favoriser les échanges mondiaux sur Internet entre artistes, universitaires et autres créateurs qui s'appuient mutuellement sur les travaux de leurs pairs
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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