5 research outputs found
Revitalisasi Uşûl Fiqh dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Sosial
No full textHistorically speaking, the science of uşûl al-fiqh has not been able to play its role in providing solutions for the many social problems facing human kind. The reason for this lies in that this science does not have within its reservoir the theoretical tools relevant for the renewed human situations. One of the mistakes of this science furthermore is that it produces the jurists who are incapable of adapting to new circumstances. The paradigmatic mode of this science is such that one –upon using its premises and methodscannot be analytical and would remain literal. In the other words, this science is very much bayani as opposed to burhani, that is rational and systematic, or irfani which is intuitive. The static nature of uşûl al-fiqh in the meantime has provoked many jurists to revolt against it and tried to bring about new methods and modes of thinking within it. Thus, we have at least two modes of thinking currently available as far as renewal of uşûl al-fiqh is concerned. The first is what we may call utilitarian and the second is liberal. The former bases its theories and ideas on the notion of maslaha. This school of thought is mainly propagated by al-Shâtibî. It claims that the whole purpose of Sharî‘ah is none other than for the good of human being. This general proposition underlies the whole theories that the proponents of this mazhab articulated. The second mode of thought, the liberal, claims that the traditional jurisprudence must be totally replaced by the new one. And to do this the liberals appropriates the hermeneutical approach to interpret the Islamic law according which the intrinsic relationship between the text and its context cannot be revealed through the literal understanding of the message of Islam. The literal approach has thus far failed and is unable to face the new circumstances. This mode of thinking is committed to what its proponents call the real Islamic values inherent within the text of religion. Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid is the staunchest propagator of this current of thought. He proposes new method for uşûl al-fiqh by criticizing both the classical and contemporary discourses using semiotics as the tools of analysis. In this way, he hopes that more humanist and adapting science of fiqh, one that can respond to our formidable contemporary challenges, may emerge
Revitalisasi Usul Fiqh dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Sosial
No full textHistorically speaking, the science of usul al-fiqh has not been able to play its role in providing solutions for the many social problems facing human kind. The reason for this lies in that this science does not have within its reservoir the theoretical tools relevant for the renewed human situations. One of the mistakes of this science furthermore is that it produces the jurists who are incapable of adapting to new circumstances. The paradigmatic mode of this science is such that one upon using its premises and methodscannot be analytical and would remain literal. In the other words, this science is very much bayani as opposed to burhani, that is rational and systematic, or irfani which is intuitive. The static nature of usul al-fiqh in the meantime has provoked many jurists to revolt against it and tried to bring about new methods and modes of thinking within it. Thus, we have at least two modes of thinking currently available as far as renewal of u??l al-fiqh is concerned. The first is what we may call utilitarian and the second is liberal. The former bases its theories and ideas on the notion of maslaha. This school of thought is mainly propagated by al-Shatibi. It claims that the whole purpose of Shar??ah is none other than for the good of human being. This general proposition underlies the whole theories that the proponents of this mazhab articulated. The second mode of thought, the liberal, claims that the traditional jurisprudence must be totally replaced by the new one. And to do this the liberals appropriates the hermeneutical approach to interpret the Islamic law according which the intrinsic relationship between the text and its context cannot be revealed through the literal understanding of the message of Islam. The literal approach has thus far failed and is unable to face the new circumstances. This mode of thinking is committed to what its proponents call the real Islamic values inherent within the text of religion. Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid is the staunchest propagator of this current of thought. He proposes new method for usul al-fiqh by criticizing both the classical and contemporary discourses using semiotics as the tools of analysis. In this way, he hopes that more humanist and adapting science of fiqh, one that can respond to our formidable contemporary challenges, may emerge
High dependency of underprivileged Muslim on Zakat assistance in the state of Selangor
No full textThis paper aims to explore the high dependency of underprivileged Muslims on zakat assistance in the state of Selangor. By the end of the year 2019, Selangor is one of the most prosperous states in Malaysia, distribution of zakat assistance is expected to reach to more than 50,000 families in the category of poor and needy 'asnaf fakir and miskin'. Over one billion Ringgit Malaysia is being allocated by the state zakat corporation. However, over the years the trend of number recipients of zakat is ever increasing. This paper also looks into issues related to the management of collection and distribution of zakat and also the reasons behind the increasing trend. Knowledge of underprivileged Muslim is of concern especially
on the ability to raise themselves above poverty and not continuously seeking alms from zakat. Their religious belief takes an unprecedented stand that their dependence as their birth
right as Muslim. On top of these issues, a situational factor which is deemed important is also being investigated. Twenty-five (25) respondents were interviewed among the 'asnaf fakir and miskin'. The finding indicated that the most important reason for the increasing number of
underprivileged Muslim in Selangor is due to the situational factor. The increase in the cost of
living standard is also the reason for the increase of alms seekers from zakat. From this study, it was found the Lembaga Zakat Selangor as the sole body in managing zakat collection and
distribution have carried out their duty in a responsible manner but can further elevate their
management effectiveness to a more highly systematic manner to be one of the best zakat
managing body in the world
Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
No full textBackground: Timely and comprehensive analyses of causes of death stratified by age, sex, and location are essential for shaping effective health policies aimed at reducing global mortality. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides cause-specific mortality estimates measured in counts, rates, and years of life lost (YLLs). GBD 2023 aimed to enhance our understanding of the relationship between age and cause of death by quantifying the probability of dying before age 70 years (70q0) and the mean age at death by cause and sex. This study enables comparisons of the impact of causes of death over time, offering a deeper understanding of how these causes affect global populations. Methods: GBD 2023 produced estimates for 292 causes of death disaggregated by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2023. We used a modelling tool developed for GBD, the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to estimate cause-specific death rates for most causes. We computed YLLs as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. Probability of death was calculated as the chance of dying from a given cause in a specific age period, for a specific population. Mean age at death was calculated by first assigning the midpoint age of each age group for every death, followed by computing the mean of all midpoint ages across all deaths attributed to a given cause. We used GBD death estimates to calculate the observed mean age at death and to model the expected mean age across causes, sexes, years, and locations. The expected mean age reflects the expected mean age at death for individuals within a population, based on global mortality rates and the population's age structure. Comparatively, the observed mean age represents the actual mean age at death, influenced by all factors unique to a location-specific population, including its age structure. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 250-draw distribution for each metric. Findings are reported as counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2023 include a correction for the misclassification of deaths due to COVID-19, updates to the method used to estimate COVID-19, and updates to the CODEm modelling framework. This analysis used 55 761 data sources, including vital registration and verbal autopsy data as well as data from surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. For GBD 2023, there were 312 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 3 country-years of surveillance data, 51 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 144 country-years of other data types that were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The initial years of the COVID-19 pandemic caused shifts in long-standing rankings of the leading causes of global deaths: it ranked as the number one age-standardised cause of death at Level 3 of the GBD cause classification hierarchy in 2021. By 2023, COVID-19 dropped to the 20th place among the leading global causes, returning the rankings of the leading two causes to those typical across the time series (ie, ischaemic heart disease and stroke). While ischaemic heart disease and stroke persist as leading causes of death, there has been progress in reducing their age-standardised mortality rates globally. Four other leading causes have also shown large declines in global age-standardised mortality rates across the study period: diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculosis, stomach cancer, and measles. Other causes of death showed disparate patterns between sexes, notably for deaths from conflict and terrorism in some locations. A large reduction in age-standardised rates of YLLs occurred for neonatal disorders. Despite this, neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of global YLLs over the period studied, except in 2021, when COVID-19 was temporarily the leading cause. Compared to 1990, there has been a considerable reduction in total YLLs in many vaccine-preventable diseases, most notably diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and measles. In addition, this study quantified the mean age at death for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality and found noticeable variation by sex and location. The global all-cause mean age at death increased from 46·8 years (95% UI 46·6-47·0) in 1990 to 63·4 years (63·1-63·7) in 2023. For males, mean age increased from 45·4 years (45·1-45·7) to 61·2 years (60·7-61·6), and for females it increased from 48·5 years (48·1-48·8) to 65·9 years (65·5-66·3), from 1990 to 2023. The highest all-cause mean age at death in 2023 was found in the high-income super-region, where the mean age for females reached 80·9 years (80·9-81·0) and for males 74·8 years (74·8-74·9). By comparison, the lowest all-cause mean age at death occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, where it was 38·0 years (37·5-38·4) for females and 35·6 years (35·2-35·9) for males in 2023. Lastly, our study found that all-cause 70q0 decreased across each GBD super-region and region from 2000 to 2023, although with large variability between them. For females, we found that 70q0 notably increased from drug use disorders and conflict and terrorism. Leading causes that increased 70q0 for males also included drug use disorders, as well as diabetes. In sub-Saharan Africa, there was an increase in 70q0 for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Additionally, the mean age at death from NCDs was lower than the expected mean age at death for this super-region. By comparison, there was an increase in 70q0 for drug use disorders in the high-income super-region, which also had an observed mean age at death lower than the expected value. Interpretation: We examined global mortality patterns over the past three decades, highlighting-with enhanced estimation methods-the impacts of major events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to broader trends such as increasing NCDs in low-income regions that reflect ongoing shifts in the global epidemiological transition. This study also delves into premature mortality patterns, exploring the interplay between age and causes of death and deepening our understanding of where targeted resources could be applied to further reduce preventable sources of mortality. We provide essential insights into global and regional health disparities, identifying locations in need of targeted interventions to address both communicable and non-communicable diseases. There is an ever-present need for strengthened health-care systems that are resilient to future pandemics and the shifting burden of disease, particularly among ageing populations in regions with high mortality rates. Robust estimates of causes of death are increasingly essential to inform health priorities and guide efforts toward achieving global health equity. The need for global collaboration to reduce preventable mortality is more important than ever, as shifting burdens of disease are affecting all nations, albeit at different paces and scales. Funding: Gates Foundation
