1,721,512 research outputs found
TRIPS flexibilities: Implementation gaps between theory and practice
No full textThe article discusses the implementation gaps of flexibilities provided by World Trade Organization (WTO) Waiver Decision 2003 under the agreement of Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) in third world countries. The author concludes that the WTO is trying to facilitate the low in come countries by creating flexibilities under TRIPS but implementation gaps between theory and practice restricts third world countries to avail the flexibilities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
DECLINING US STATUS AS A SUPERPOWER: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE WORLD ORDER
Full text linkSince 1945, the US has been relishing the status of a superpower by following its interests through a no of means, including international order, global and regional security arrangements, and international organizations. Recently, emerging global powers have challenged the existing international order, whereas the US is on a declining trajectory. The US hegemonic obligations to use its preponderant power in global issues with the intent to cast events in its favour have brought an inevitable overstretch beyond its capacity. Furthermore. a visible shift in power centres, the backlash of political decisions, and economic recession are other factors that need to be studied. This paper, therefore, explores the highly debated and contested reasons for the US decline. While employing deductive reasoning through qualitative analysis, it evaluates the efficacy of existing international order, emerging multilateralism, and difficulties in obviating the attendant risks to US security and prosperity. Implications of a declining superpower and suggested course of action for Pakistan have also been discussed in this paper.
Bibliography Entry
Abbas, Muhammad, and Hassan Jalil Shah. 2021. “Declining US Status as a Superpower: Implications for the World Order.” Magalla Papers 25 (1): 131-142
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
al-Kamil Li al-Mubarrid 1/ Abi al- Abbas Muhammad Bin Yazid (al-Mubarrid an-Nahwi)
No full text306 hal.; 24 cm
Rationale of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in the light of human rights perspective
No full textPatents render prices of patented products unaffordable for general masses because of the 20 years monopoly granted to the owner of the patent to manufacture, sell, and import the patented product. Overpricing caused by monopoly rights has serious human rights implications in case of pharmaceutical patents especially in situations of public health crisis. Compulsory licensing of patents has been provided under TRIPS Agreement as a legitimate safeguard to check abuse of monopoly and to deal with special situations of public health crisis. The first part of this paper discusses the relationship of TRIPS and the human right to health as TRIPS Agreement for the first time made it mandatory to protect all innovations including pharmaceuticals. The second part of this paper discusses the rationale of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in the light of Indian case Bayer Corporation v. Natco Pharma Limited. Last part of this paper concludes the discussion
Peculiar nature of the global war on terror and the dilemma of unlawful enemy combatants
No full textGlobal War on Terror (GWOT) has opened a new door to torture and also new frontiers of transnational judicial contestation of international criminal law and strategies for the fight against terrorism. Moreover, GWOT dilemma related to Prisoners of War (POWs) opened new challenges for humanitarian protection. Many suspected persons are rendered to secret detention sites to get intelligence against other States. Many legal provisions are violated in GWOT. This article seeks to examine some of these issues by focusing on the global war against terrorism especially in ' the context of strategies against terrorism that the US has applied against Afghanistan and Pakistan since 11 September 2001 attacks on New York and Washington DC. The focus of this article would be on how rendition is different from extradition? How the people suspected of terrorism are rendered? What are the consequences of detention of prisoners at secret prisons? What kind of treatment they are facing? Whether the interrogation techniques are legal and appropriate for the hearing of terror suspects? Further, it attempts to explain status of POWs, Civilians and Non-combatants under international humanitarian law and Islamic international law. Moreover, this article anaiyzes many loopholes in the Geneva Conventions which are a hurdle in providing protection to detained persons. It will further draw attention to the new situations which are ignored in previous legislation or left silent intentionally
Sports anti-siphoning laws and the controversy of sports broadcasting: A case study of Pakistan
No full textControversies between private and public broadcasters over the broadcasting of live sports, especially cricket, during important sports events have emerged as a serious legal issue in Pakistan. Controversy between Geo Super and Pakistan Television over live telecast of the ICC Cricket World Cup is a typical example of such controversies. An aggressive legal battle, during a most important cricketing event, not only hampered the enjoyment of cricket viewers across the country but also gave Pakistan a bad name across the globe.\ud
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This article discusses in detail this controversy and highlights lacunas in the existing sports broadcasting regime of Pakistan. There are no clear and well defined sports broadcasting laws in Pakistan. The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) rules are of general nature. Secondly, PEMRA rules are not comprehensive and explicit enough to provide clear guidelines about sports broadcasting. This may be a possible reason why sports broadcasting controversies reach the highest court in Pakistan, the Supreme Court of Pakistan.\ud
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Despite these ugly battles between broadcasters, the government of Pakistan has never given due importance to this issue and no efforts have been made at any level to come up with legislation on sports broadcasting to avoid such controversies or to resolve them amicably in the light of well-defined laws on this subject. The purpose of this article is to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards this important issue because in future more such controversies may be expected in the absence of a sports broadcasting regime in the country
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