1,720,977 research outputs found
Foreign Aid Policies in the Presidential and Parliamentary Systems : Beyond the Institutional Differences
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CHANGING RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN JAPAN IN THE ERA OF "PARTICIPATORY ODA" AND THEIR RESULTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF "GOVERNANCE BY NETWORK."
Get PDFSince the late 1990s, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) in Japan and its agency, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), have attempted to involve Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and private firms in Official Development Assistance (ODA) activities in the name of "Participatory ODA." Using "governance by network" research as a frame of reference, I propose this dissertation to answer the question of whether networks in Japanese "Participatory ODA" make a difference, as well as why the government began using many private actors such as NGOs. The framework of "governance by network" was originated in research on domestic policies in Western countries such as the Netherlands and the U.K. Despite this fact, the framework is applicable to Japanese foreign aid. This is firstly because Japanese political situations (i.e., ongoing decentralization and increasing number of groups which implement policies) are similar to those in the Netherlands and the U.K. This is secondly because foreign aid, located between other foreign policies and ordinary domestic policies, shares some characteristics with domestic policies. This dissertation illustrates that with respect to ODA, the government has as many policy tools as in domestic policies; it can, and must, in some cases, select suitable tools under political constraints. MOFA/JICA in Japan has had and still has organizational interests, not necessarily "national interest," in protecting ODA. Currently, ODA does not have an advantageous status in the budget, and the rate of citizens' support for this foreign aid is not as high as it used to be. Thus, MOFA/JICA is mobilizing private actors to garner the public support. In contrast to the assumption of the reactive state thesis that Japan is prone to international pressure, especially the American pressure, MOFA/JICA has enough autonomy to choose policy tools. Thus, one can associate MOFA/JICA's strategic reliance on networks in Japanese ODA with the results when networks are used; this link is implied in "governance by network" research. Using both quantitative and qualitative analysis, this dissertation demonstrates that Japanese "Participatory ODA" has resulted in public support, flexibility, innovation, and governmental steering, as "governance by network" research suggests
Foreign Aid (ODA) as a Public Policy
Get PDFapplication/pdfFocusing on Japanese foreign aid administration, or officially called Official Development Assistance (ODA), this article discusses two trends since the 1990s, specifically two kinds of changes, which seem to contradict each other. One trend is “participatory ODA," in which the Japanese government, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), eagerly asks Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) to participate in aid activity. The other is the increasing attempts of MOFA to “steer" Japanese ODA so as to gather more information on the needs of potential recipients and organize coherent aid strategies. This article seeks to contribute to the understanding of these seemingly contradictory trends using the framework of governance, especially that of governance as networks.This article first reviews the existing literature on or potentially relevant for Japanese ODA, which reveals that the dominant perspective has rarely assumed an interdependent relationship between the public and private sectors. Next, this article examines why scholars have not focused on networks in the past, and concludes that one possible reason is the prior existence of unilateral relationships between the sectors whereby the private section did not have to cede its autonomy to the public one. It then looks at how the situation concerning ODA has changed since the mid-1980s, as evidenced by the Japanese government's leadership in the field and its attempts to establish national aid strategies, as well as by the increasing participation by the private sector, especially by NGOs. After that, this article goes on to discuss how the public sector has become more systematic with respect to ODA, focusing on two important examples: the setting up of country and regional study groups and the establishment of a system of feedback among MOFA, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Institute for International Cooperation (IFIC), an agency of JICA. Finally, by means of an empirical analysis, this article examines the effect of the institutional changes on the behavior of businesses with respect to ODA, and concludes that such changes have had a statistically significant effect on business, thereby supporting the use of “governance as networks" as a viable approach for studying Japanese ODA.紀要類(bulletin)107796 bytesdepartmental bulletin pape
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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