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قضايا التعايش بين المسلمين وغيرهم في الواقع الاجتماعي والسياسي المعاصر: دراسة فقهية تأصيلية في ضوء مقاصد الشريعة: The Issues of Coexistence between Muslims and Others in the Contemporary Social and Political Reality: A Doctrinal Study based on Maqasid al-Shari'ah
No full textAbstract
The issue of coexistence between different religious groups or what is termed today as the “Fiqh al-Ta’ayush” of coexistence is still new in the contemporary Fiqh studies. Despite that, the history of Islam had revealed that how Muslims had indeed been concerned with the “Other”. The Islamic Syariah itself contains principles and rules on coexistence and relationship between Muslims and the others. Scholars as well had been discussing about the rulings on the relationship with non-Muslims in various number of the topics in Fiqh beginning from the topic of al-ÏahÉrah (hygiene) to the topic of liberating slaves. In this paper, the role of the opinion of the scholars in the context of serving Maqasid al-Shari’ah in treating the issues on the relationship with non-Muslims in the context of the current social and political settings will be discussed. A library research on the related contents will be critically analyzed from the point of view of the opinion of the scholars in the context of serving the Maqasid al-Shari’ah. This would be done in two aspects: first is the theoretical approach to find the basic thought on the understanding of coexistence from the point of view of Islam that would reveal its general principles and the values that determined its directions; within the context of Maqasid al-Shari’ah. The second aspect is to relate the findings from the first aspect with the social and political aspects to arrive at some practical maxims for the coexistence of Muslims with the others since they are now living in a different context than those traditional scholars. The objectives of the study are to uncover the general principles on the coexistence between Muslim and the others, the criteria, rules and issues. It is also to prove the relevance of the Syariah in dealing with some of the most pressing issues in the new global era.
Keyword: Coexistence, Non-Muslims, Followers of Religions, Maqasid al-Shari’ah, al-Ijtihad al-MaqÉÎidÊ, Political Issues, Social Issues, Reality.
Abstrak
Isu-isu kewujudan bersama masyarakat berbilang agama atau istilah terkini “Fiqh Ta’ayush” masih lagi satu cabang baru dalam bidang pengajian fiqh kontemporari, walaupun sejarah Islam telah menunjukkan bahawa ada ulama yang mengambil berat tentang orang-orang Islam dengan yang lain, Shariah Islam mengandungi prinsip dan peraturan untuk hubungan dan hidup bersama antara orang-orang Islam dengan yang lain. Para ulama telah membincangkan hukum hubungan antara orang bukan Islam dalam banyak bab-bab bermula dari bab ÏahÉrah hinggalah membebaskan hamba sahaya. Dan kajian ini membincangkan peranan ijtihad yang memelihara Maqasid al-Shari’ah dalam menyelesaikan isu-isu pergaulan antara kaum bukan muslim dalam kerangka politik dan sosial kontemporari dengan menggunakan kaedah induktif, analisa dan kritikal dari perpektif ijtihad yangmemelihara objektif Shariah. Dan ia ada dua bahagian. Bahagian pertama membincangkan sudut teori asas fundamental yang mana pengkaji akan menerangkan asas pemikiran dalam konsep kewujudan bersama dalam perpektif islam berdasarkan prinsipnya secara umum dan nilai-nilai murni yang akan menjadi penunjuk arah. Dan kesemua itu ada dalam kerangka Maqasid al-Shari’ah. Manakala bahagian kedua tentang pelaksanaan teori asas yang ditetapkan dari sudut politik dan sosial untuk menerangkan aspek-aspek praktikal yang boleh direalisasikan dalam kewujudan bersama dengan orang bukan Islam yang mana mereka hidup dalam sistem politik dan sosial semasa yang berbeza konteks dengan ulama terdahulu. Dan tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prinsip-prinsip umum, garis panduan, peraturan, dan paksi untuk fiqh kewujudan bersama antara orang Islam dan bukan Islam untuk membuktikan bahawa undang-undang Islam seiring dengan keadaan-keadaan semasa dunia dalam bidang politik dan sosial.
Kata Kunci: Kewujudan Bersama, Orang Bukan Islam, Penganut Agama, Maqasid al-Shari’ah, Ijtihad Berteraskan Maqasid al-Shari’ah, Isu Politik, Isu Sosial, Realiti.
ملخص البحث
قضايا التعايش بين أتباع الأديان أو ما يصطلح عليه حاليًّا بـ"فقه التعايش" لا يزال جديدًا في الدراسات الفقهية المعاصرة، ومع ذلك فإن التاريخ الإسلامي قد أثبت مدى انشغال الإسلام والمسلمين بـ"الآخر"، وتضمنت الشريعة الإسلامية أصولاً وقواعد للعلاقات والعيش المشترك بين المسلمين وغيرهم، وقد بحث الفقهاء في أحكام العلاقة مع غير المسلمين في كثير من الأبواب الفقهية بدءًا من باب الطهارة إلى أحكام عتق رقبة. وفي هذه الدراسة سيتناول الباحث دور الاجتهاد المقاصدي في معالجة قضايا التعامل مع غير المسلمين في ضوء الواقع السياسي والاجتماعي المعاصر، مستخدمًا المنهج الاستقرائي والتحليلي النقدي من منظور الاجتهاد المقاصدي، وذلك في شقين: شق نظري تأصيلي يقوم فيه الباحث بتوضيح الأساس الفكري لمفهوم التعايش في المنظور الإسلامي من حيث الأصول الكلية والمبادئ العامة التي يقوم عليها ومن حيث القيم العليا التي توجه مساره، وذلك كله في إطار منظومة مقاصد الشريعة، أما الشق الثاني فالسعي لتنزيل ما سيتم تأصيله في الجانب النظري في أبعاده السياسية والاجتماعية لبيان الصور العملية التي يمكن أن يتحقق بها التعايش بين المسلمين وغيرهم وهم يعيشون تحت النظام السياسي والواقع الاجتماعي غير النظام الذي يعيش فيه الفقهاء القدامى. والهدف من هذه الدراسة معرفة الأصول العامة لفقه التعايش بين المسلمين وغيرهم ومعالمه، وضوابطه، ومرتكزاته، ولإثبات صلاحية الشريعة الإسلامية في مواكبة الظروف الراهنة في المجال السياسي والاجتماعي في ظل النظام العالمي الجديد.
الكلمات الأساسية: التعايش، أتباع الأديان، غير المسلمين، مقاصد الشريعة، الاجتهاد المقاصدي، القضايا السياسية، القضايا الاجتماعية، الواقع
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Social criticism of Millennials in the democracy and Islamic Law perspectives
Get PDFBima, who criticized the road conditions in Lampung through his Tiktok account, shocked the Indonesian virtual world. His reckless and resentful actions were taken because he thought that the Lampung authorities did not care about the existing conditions. This action sparked a polemic and drew attention to the Senayan palace and politician circles. For those who support it, this is a form of moral message and social criticism through digital platforms, while for those who reject it, they consider this action as slander, open disgrace, and violating legal and religious norms. Not long after, President Jokowi visited the location called Bima. Many people are grateful to Bima, because not long after the incident there were improvements and changes. Apart from that it sparked other announcers who criticized the development of their regions, such as those in Aceh, Jambi, North Sumatra, and Central Java. The main problem in this study is whether Bima’s style of social criticism is in accordance with democratic principles and Islamic legal norms? If they are considered contradictory, then what is the ethics of social criticism on the virtual stage under legal and religious norms? This research is descriptive and qualitative with interviews and documentation as data sources. Research has found that Article 45 Paragraph 3 of the ITE Law and Imam Nawawi’s views on ghibah mubahah are open spaces for millennials to express socio-political aspirations in both conventional and virtual contemporary spaces. Social criticism must prioritize good faith and methods and avoid hate speech and hoaxes so that the content delivered is easily accepted by others. Bima also set an example for those in power not to be surprised, to get used to criticism, to be tolerant, and to be kind-hearted. Lampung received billions in funding for road repairs.
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Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
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Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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