1,720,969 research outputs found
Bacterial resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and colistin in the poultry industry
Full text linkAntimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health threats that humans face with a significant number of annual deaths and economic losses from associated sequelae. Presence of resistance determinants in food-producing animals represents an important exposure risk since they can be transmitted to humans by direct contact or via the food chain. Among the various types of resistance already described in poultry, resistance to critically important antimicrobials, such as third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and colistin, is worrying due to the crucial role of these antimicrobials in severe infections encountered in health care settings. The high levels of resistance to 3GCs previously described in broilers, led to the belief that the broiler production may act as a reservoir of 3GC resistance determinants. Therefore, Chapters 2-4 aimed to investigate their presence, characteristics, transmission patterns and identify intervention measures for risk mitigation strategies. In light of the alarming emergence of mobile colistin resistance mechanisms, Chapter 5 undertook a review on their global distribution in the poultry industry and addressed the current situation and challenges of colistin resistance.
The structure of the thesis is: (i) general introduction, (ii) four main chapters of research articles either published, in press or in preparation, (iii) overall conclusion, (iv) additional information for each of the main chapters, (iv) two appendices with contribution to other research work, (v) acknowledgements, and (vi) the literature cited
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
A review on the current situation and challenges of colistin resistance in poultry production
Full text linkColistin has been re-assessed as a critically important antimicrobial in humans due to its efficacy against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria, in particular P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae. The recent discovery of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) determinants in humans and animals has brought concerns regarding the future of this antimicrobial. In this paper, we aim to highlight the current challenges with colistin resistant bacteria and to summarize reliable global data on colistin resistance in poultry production. In addition, we present and compare data from a screening for colistin resistance carried out on a collection of clinical Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in Italy. In Europe, resistance rates for Salmonella and E. coli are in general low with sporadic incidence of high colistin resistance levels. Absence of resistance or very low rates have been recorded in countries where colistin is either not employed (e.g. Norway) or used in minimal amounts (e.g. Denmark) in food-producing animals. In large poultry meat producing countries, such as China and Brazil, the widespread use of colistin has resulted in the dissemination of resistance determinants in diverse bacterial species. Worryingly, these bacteria are often co-resistant to other critically important antimicrobials, such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins. The data gap for many countries and for zoonotic bacteria, the role of the "phantom resistome" and the circulation of mcr-carriers expressing resistance phenotypes close or below the current ECOFF values, should be considered in future investigations. The importance of poultry as a cheap protein source and the global effort to mitigate colistin resistance and preserve this essential antimicrobial require a thorough re-assessment of colistin use in poultry
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Μικροβιακή αντοχή σε κρίσιμα για τον άνθρωπο αντιβιοτικά στην βιομηχανία πουλερικών
No full textAntimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health threats that humans face with a significant number of annual deaths and economic losses from associated sequelae. Presence of resistance determinants in food-producing animals represents an important exposure risk since they can be transmitted to humans by direct contact or via the food chain. Among the various types of resistance already described in poultry, resistance to critically important antimicrobials, such as third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and colistin, is worrying due to the crucial role of these antimicrobials in severe infections encountered in health care settings. The high levels of resistance to 3GCs previously described in broilers, led to the belief that the broiler production may act as a reservoir of 3GC resistance determinants. Therefore, Chapters 2-4 aimed to investigate their presence, characteristics, transmission patterns and identify intervention measures for risk mitigation strategies. In light of the alarming emergence of mobile colistin resistance mechanisms, Chapter 5 undertook a review on their global distribution in the poultry industry and addressed the current situation and challenges of colistin resistance.The structure of the thesis is: (i) general introduction, (ii) four main chapters of research articles either published, in press or in preparation, (iii) overall conclusion, (iv) additional information for each of the main chapters, (iv) two appendices with contribution to other research work, (v) acknowledgements, and (vi) the literature cited.Η μικροβιακή αντοχή είναι μία από τις σημαντικότερες απειλές για τη δημόσια υγεία που αντιμετωπίζουν οι άνθρωποι με σημαντικό αριθμό ετήσιων θανάτων και σοβαρές οικονομικές απώλειες από τα επακόλουθα των λοιμώξεων. Η παρουσία παραγόντων αντοχής σε ζώα παραγωγής τροφίμων αποτελεί σημαντικό κίνδυνο έκθεσης, καθώς μπορούν να μεταδοθούν στον άνθρωπο με άμεση επαφή ή μέσω της τροφικής αλυσίδας. Μεταξύ των διαφόρων τύπων αντοχής που έχουν ήδη περιγραφεί στα πουλερικά, η αντοχή σε κρίσιμα αντιβιοτικά, όπως οι κεφαλοσπορίνες τρίτης γενιάς (ΚΤΓ) και η κολιστίνη, είναι ανησυχητική λόγω του ουσιώδους ρόλου αυτών των αντιβιοτικών σε σοβαρές νοσοκομειακές λοιμώξεις. Τα υψηλά επίπεδα αντοχής στις ΚΤΓ που έχουν περιγραφεί στα κοτόπουλα κρεοπαραγωγής, οδήγησαν στην πεποίθηση ότι η συγκεκριμένη κτηνοτροφική παραγωγή μπορεί να λειτουργήσει ως δεξαμενή παραγόντων (γονιδίων) αντοχής στις ΚΤΓ. Ως εκ τούτου, τα Κεφάλαια 2-4 στοχεύουν στη διερεύνηση της παρουσίας, των χαρακτηριστικών, των προτύπων μετάδοσης και στον εντοπισμό μέτρων παρέμβασης για τη δημιουργία στρατηγικών μετριασμού του κινδύνου της μικροβιακής αντοχής στη βιομηχανία κρεοπαραγωγών πουλερικών. Υπό το φως της ανησυχητικής εμφάνισης κινητών μηχανισμών αντοχής στην κολιστίνη, στο Κεφάλαιο 5 πραγματοποιείται μια ανασκόπηση της διανομής τους στη βιομηχανία κρεοπαραγωγών πουλερικών και εξετάζεται η τρέχουσα κατάσταση και οι προκλήσεις που δημιουργούνται από την αντοχή στην κολιστίνη.Η δομή της διατριβής είναι: (i) γενική εισαγωγή, (ii) τέσσερα κύρια κεφάλαια ερευνητικών άρθρων είτε δημοσιευμένα, είτε υπό έκδοση, είτε υπό προετοιμασία, (iii) γενικό συμπέρασμα, (iv) πρόσθετες πληροφορίες για κάθε ένα από τα κύρια κεφάλαια, iv) δύο παραρτήματα με συνεισφορά σε άλλες ερευνητικές εργασίες, (v) ευχαριστίες και (vi) βιβλιογραφία
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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