2,406 research outputs found
Pietro Verri’s Contribution to the Economic Theory of the 18th Century: Commercial Society, Civil Society and Governance of the Economy
No full text'Count Pietro Verri (1728-97) - Schumpeter writes (History, p. 178) - - would have to be included in any list of the greatest economists'. Within the Milanese school, he certainly stands out, alongside with Cesare Beccaria, during one of the most interesting periods from a history of analysis point of view. Luigi Cossa's famous introduction to the study of political economy rates Pietro Verri to be inferior to Beccaria in ingenuity and scientific cultivation, but greatly to be ahead of him as an economist.1 This judgement by Cossa, in particular, seems to echo the relative position of the two men in the history of ideas, particularly after Beccaria's rise to fame with a book - On crimes and punishments - which had in fact been largely inspired by Verri himself and defended by him.2 It is proposed in the present paper to revisit some of the basic tenets of Pietro Verri's political economy, with more in view than dwell on specific intuitions and theorems: namely relate those to Verri's own - quite original - conception of the economy. The scholarly work of Pietro Verri - with a special reference to his Meditazioni sulla economia politica of 1771 - provides the first systematic contribution stemming from the quarters of Lombard enlightenment in the field of political economy, especially so if one considers that Cesare Beccaria's parallel work - namely his Elementi di economia pubblica, conceived and drafted at the same time as Verri's Meditazioni - would only be published posthumously several years later. From the vantage point afforded by Verri's political economy, we gain a considerably attractive view of the most significant elements and characteristic concepts of Lombard enlightenment during the latter half of the 18th century; Verri, moreover, as we shall see, builds on a number of them in a new and original way. This paper is aimed at discussing Verri's political economy mainly along two distinct, but related, lines. In the first place the conception of commercial society is considered such as it is treated by the author particularly in his Meditazioni. In this perspective the analysis of such issues as competition and the market or money and taxation occupy a central place. Secondly it will be necessary to emphasise that Verri's approach has little to do either with forms of pure economics on one side - largely yet to be born throughout the 18th century - or, on the other side, with such conceptions of the polis - contrariwise well alive among his own contemporaries - as are founded on a sovereign authority conceived to be situated above the law. What Verri's political economy ultimately amounts to is an economic conception of civil society. The latter has natural strong connections with his own fact-mindedness - emphasised by Schumpeter - as well as with his deep practical involvement in administrative affairs and in the reforming process taking place during the latter half of the 18th century in Milan. In our view, a thorough investigation along the mentioned lines is the precondition for an understanding of the intellectual stature and of the scholarly contribution of Pietro Verri. His main ground is distinctly analytical and only by appreciating his analysis is it possible to shed light on the meaning and intellectual significance also of his practical contributions. Moreover Verri's pronouncements on the criticism of despotic government, the relevance of intermediate powers or bodies and on multiple levels of governance will be examined in a new and original light, showing how close they are to the gist of his analysis.
Letter by Andreotti et al Regarding Article, "Inflammation and Cholesterol as Predictors of Cardiovascular Events Among 13 970 Contemporary High-Risk Patients With Statin Intolerance"
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About twin primes and distribution of primes
No full textThis paper give us a demonstration of twin primes conjecture using approximation of function �(iupsilon) that we introduce in section 6. Section 1-5 give us introduction to terminology and a clarification on (iupsilon) terms. In particular section
5 is really important because of its Lemma. Section 7 reassume foregoing explanations and it give us two theorems and one corollary;the theorem 7.2 give us exact approximation of twin primes counting function
Multi-objective scheduling in hybrid flow shop: Evolutionary algorithms using multi-decoding framework
No full textHybrid flow shops are common manufacturing environments applied in many industrial fields. This paper tackles the scheduling problem in hybrid flow shop with unrelated machines, machine eligibility and sequence-dependent setup times (SDST) to minimize the bi-criteria of total tardiness and total setup time. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are adopted to solve the problem. Firstly, four efficient decoding algorithms using different machine selection rules are developed for constructing a schedule from a job permutation. These decoding algorithms are able to map the job permutation space to distinct regions in the objective space. Then, we propose a multi-decoding framework (MDF) for taking advantage of multiple decoding algorithms along one evolution path. The hybridization of MDF and EAs leads to a hyper-heuristic approach. The proposed MDF is coupled with a genetic algorithm to solve the problem in “a priori” approach, that is, to optimize a convex combination of the objectives given user preference information. The framework is also embedded to a multi-objective genetic algorithm, known as NSGA-II, to solve the problem in “a posteriori” approach, which aims at approximating the Pareto-optimal set for the user to make posterior decisions. The efficiency of the proposed methods is validated by numerical results. More specifically, when “a priori” approach is used, the proposed MDF helps EAs adjusting the adopted decoding scheme and generating solution aligned to the user preference; when “a posteriori” approach is applied, the MDF extends the search space and improves the solution quality
Cancer unmasked by bleeding during anticoagulant therapy: when a problem may become an opportunity
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Are social incubators different from other incubators? Evidence from Italy
No full textThis paper defines and analyses incubators that mainly support start-ups with a significant social impact. In 2016, a survey was conducted on the 162 incubators active in Italy, and a total of 88 responses were received. An analysis of the literature and of this dataset led to the identification of three types of incubators: Business, Mixed, and Social. Thirty of the respondents sent information on their tenants. Thanks to the data regarding 247 tenants, it was possible to analyze the impact of the three different types of incubators (Business, Mixed, and Social) on the tenants’ growth through OLS regression analyses. A Social Incubator is here defined as an incubator that supports more than 50% of start-ups that aim to introduce a positive social impact. The study shows that Social Incubators perceive social impact measurement and training/consulting on business ethics and CSR as being more important services than other incubator types. The regression analyses explain that Social Incubators are as efficient as other incubators, in terms of tenants’ economic growth, notwithstanding the focus of Social Incubators on start-ups that do not pursue only economic objectives. Finally, this study indicates that policymakers can foster Social Incubators to support social entrepreneurship
I Taccuini dei Piranesi alla Biblioteca Estense Universitaria di Modena: studio no distruttivo dei materiali e delle tecniche e ipotesi per la conservazione
No full textSono state analizzate molte carte dei due codici dei Piranesi conservati alla Estense Universitaria di Modena. Si sono identififati i materiali grafici e si suggeriscono ipotesi per la conservazione delle rubriche
Anonymus, Rezension von: Pietro Santi Bartoli, "Colonna Traiana, eretta dal Senato e Popolo Romano all'Imperatore Traiano Augusto nel suo foro in Roma. Scolpita con l'historie della guerradacica, la prima e la seconda espeditione, e vittoria contro il re Decebalo. Nuovamente disegnata et intagliata da Pietro Santi Bartoli con l'espositione latina d'Alfonso Ciaccone, compendiata nella vulgare lingua sotto ciascuna immagine. Accresciuta di medaglie, inscrittioni e trofei da Gio. Pietro Bellori" (Roma [1672]), in: Giornale de’ letterati, 27. Februar 1673, pp. 13-21 (FONTES 14)
No full textTEN CONTEMPORARY REVIEWS OF BOOKS ON ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY BY GIOVAN PIETRO BELLORI IN THE GIORNALE DE’ LETTERATI, 1670-1680, NO. 2 A review of Pietro Santi Bartoli’s album of engravings after the spiral relief band of Trajan’s column in Rome, which includes Giovan Pietro Bellori’s translation of Alfons Chacon’s explications of the reliefs, first published in 1576. Chacon’s commentary was amended and corrected by Bellori at very many points. Engravings of relevant coins and inscriptions were added to the work. During the decade 1670-1680 ten reviews of books by Giovan Pietro Bellori that had appeared in the same years (1669-1680) were published in the Giornale de' letterati in Rome. These include Bellori's famous book of late sixteenth-seventeenth-century artists' 'Lives' (Vite de' pittori) as well as a number of significant archaeological publications treating numismatics, glyptics, sculpture, painting and Roman topography. Reviews and articles appeared in the Giornale unsigned, thus their author or authors cannot be determined with certainty. The discussions of Bellori's works are lengthy and penetrating; they underline the remarkable position he had attained in the world of seventeenth-century archaeological scholarship. The ten reviews will appear in separate instalments of FONTES (Bellori, 1-10)
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